31.oligopoly
that is,a small number of companies dominate an industry.in the united states ,the auto mobile and computer industries are oligoplies. 求过于供的市场情况，一小部分公司占据一个工业，美国现在是汽车和计算机业是这种情况。
32 checks and balances
this is a major principle of the american govermental system by which each branch of the goverment exercises a check on the actions of the others.
制衡制度,是 美国政府的一个主要措施,政府的各部门都可以制止和检查其他各部门的行为.
33.winner-take-all
this is to say,the candidate who receives the most votes wins everything.
选举人制度,是说获得最多选票的后选人赢得全部.
34. the free enterprise system
the united states economy is based largely on a free
enterprise
system.in
such
a
system,individuals and companies are free to make their own economic decisions.
自由市场经济,美国的经济以自由市场经济为基础,在这个系统下,个人和公司可以自由行使自己的经济决定权.
35. the federal system
it is a system of goverment in which power is divided by a written constitution between a central
goverment
and
regional,or
subdivisional goverments.
联邦制,在中央政府和区政府之间,由宪法划分的一种政府制度.(翻译不是太准确)
36.separation of powers
it refers to the principle that the national goverment
is
split
into
three
branches:legislative,executive and judicial. 分权制,指国家的一种制度,被划分为三个分支:立法\\行政、司法.
37. private school
a private school is a school that is controlled by an individual or by an agency other than a state ,a subdivision of a state or the federal goverment.
私立学校，由个人或其他机构投资或控制。
38.school district
it is a special district for the provision of
local public education for all children in its jazz is a blend of african musical tradition service area.
地区学校，是一个特殊的地区以提供给服务范围内的所有孩子当地公共教育的供应。
39. global education
it refers to the study of complex problems and issues of a world wide nature.
全球教育,研究复杂问题和发布世界范围的特性.(翻译不太准)
40. poor richard's almanac
it was wrote by bejamin franklin,it was modeled on the sort of farmers annual calendar widely sold at the time.
穷里查年鉴，它有本杰明福兰克林创作，它收集每年的谚语。
41.transcendentalism
it was a movement that emerged in the 1830s and
1840s
among american yough intellectuals which emphasized
man's
potentiality
for
goodness creativity,and
self-development.
超验主义，它强调人的内在价值，创造性和自我发展。
42. jazz
carried over by black slaves and european classics.
爵士音乐是一种源自非洲音乐并和欧洲的音乐成份相融合的的音乐.
43.knickerbockers era
in the early part of the 19th century,new york city was the centre of amercian writing.its writers were called \the period from 1810 to 1840 is known as the \ literature. 灯笼裤时代,(纽约人时期),在19世纪早期,纽约城是写作中心,它的作家被成为纽约市人,从1810 到1840这个时期被称为纽约市人时期.
44. father's day
father's day falls on the third sunday in June and children honor their fathers in some special way.
父亲节，是六月的第三个周日，是用特殊的方式给予他们的父亲敬意。
45.mother's day
mother's day falls on the second sunday in may.this is a day on which children honor their mothers,give them gifts,or perhaps take them a restaurant for dinner.
母亲节，是五月的第二个周日，那一天孩子
们将给予他们的母亲礼物或是请他们的母亲共进午餐。
New England refers to the northeastern six states of the US. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.
46. congressional medal of honor
this
is
the
highest
U.S
military
decoration,awarded in the name of congress to members of the armed forces for ganllantry and bravery beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy.
荣誉勋章,是美国军事最高荣誉,授予那些与敌人英勇作战并在战争中战死的战士们.(翻译不是太准确)
47.UNICEF
United
nations
international children's
emergency funds was
founded
in
december ,1946,for the purpose of providing relief for children in war-torn countries. 联合国国际儿童应急基金,在1946年12月建立,目的给那些国家在战争中的儿童.提供的基金.
48. Great Canyon
The Great Canyon is an enormous gorge carved by the Colorado River in northwestern Arizona.
49. New England
50.Hispanic Americans
Hispanic
Americans
refer
to
the
Spanish-speaking population of the US. The Hispanic Group includes Mexican-Americans, Puerto-Ricans, Cuban-Americans and so on.
51. Chicanos
Chicanos are Mexican-Americans who make
up the largest group of the Hispanic Group.
52.Puerto Ricans
Puerto Ricans are the second largest of Hispanic Group in the US.
53.Federalist Papers
The newspapers of New York City carried 85 letters to the public , later came to be called the Federalist Papers, which are regarded as the best explanation of the Constitution as well as an important work on political theory.
54.The
First
Continental
Congress
In 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods, and organized colonial militia units.
55.Manifest Destiny
The major implications of Manifest Destiny are that the founding of the US is inevitable, that the expansion of American territory is legitimate, and that the spread of American democracy is the task of American people who were chosen to the Lord’s work.
56.The Black Thursday
The Black Thursday refers to Oct 24 1929 when the stock market crash happened. Ten of millions of shares were dumped and billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. It signaled the beginning of the Great Depression.
57.New Frontier
In the 1960s, US president John. F. Kennedy named his program the New Frontier, promising civil rights for blacks, federal aids to farmers and education, medical care for all and abolition of poverty.
58.Port Huron Statement
In 1962, a group of radical students met in Port Huron, Michigan to form the Students for a Democratic Society. In their platform, the Port Huron Statement, they condemned racism, poverty, powerful corporation and the Cold War.
59.NOW
NOW is the acronym of the National Organization for Women. It was a reform organization and battled for the equal rights of women in partnership with men.
60.Counterculture
Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society.
61.American Corn Belt
The American Corn Belt is in the Mid-West. It stretches from Ohio to eastern South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. It covers Northern Missouri, Southwestern Minnesota, and almost all of Iowa, Indiana, and Illinois.
62 American Corn Belt
The American Corn Belt follows the Coastal Plain from Southern Virginia to Texas and parts of the Southern Piedmont.
63Three giants in American automobile industry
Three major corporations, called three giants---General Motor, Ford and Chrysler, represent the American automobile industry.
64.Electoral College
In the US, the people of each state don’t vote directly for the president: they select presidential electors, equal to the number of the Senators and Representatives each states has in Congress. The electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia (538 persons) comprise the Electoral College.
65 US presidential inauguration
In the US the presidential term of four years begins on Jan 20. The president starts his official duties with an inauguration ceremony held on the steps of the US Capitol. The president takes an oath of office, administered by Chief Justice, which is followed by an inauguration address.
66 community college
Community college emerged in the US in the early 1900s, as a two-year college to meet the need of economic expansion and rapid rise in immigrants. It provides general career and adult education.
67 new basics
The new basics were proposed as the compulsory basic courses to be completed by American high school students. They include four years of English, three years of mathematics, science, and social studies and a half year of computer science.
68 Knickerbockers
In the early 19th century, New York City was the center of American writing. It’s writers were called ―Knickerbockers‖.
69 Leaves of Grass
Leaves of Grass was American poet Walt Witman’s masterpiece. Through the poems, Witman praised the ideas of equality and democracy and celebrated the dignity, self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man.