1) Americans who stem from generations which left their old people behind and never closed their parents’ eyelids in death and who have experienced the additional distance from death provided by two world wars fought far from our shores are today pushing away from them both a recognition of death and a recognition of the tremendous significance—for the future—of the way we live our lives.2) Acceptance of the inevitability of death which when faced can give dignity to life and acceptance of our inescapable role in the modern world might transmute our anxiety about making the right choices taking the right precautions and the right risks into the sterner stuff of responsibility.3) Worry in an empty context means that men die daily little deaths.4) But good anxiety—not about the things that were left undone long ago but active vivid anxiety about what must be done now—binds men to life with an intense concern. 44参考译文
美国人的前辈曾撇下自己的老人去闯荡世界，父母死了也不能为他们闭上眼睛。而由于两次大战都在远离美国本土的地方进行，他们也有了这种亲人死时不在场的经历。有这样历史和经历的他们今天越来越不能正视死亡，不能正视我们的生活方式对未来的重大意义。而当死亡来临时，能接受死亡这一不可避免的事实反能使生命具有尊严。接受我们在现代世界上不可推卸的作用可能会把我们担心是否作出正确的决定，是否采取了恰当的防范措施，和是否冒了该冒的险焦虑变为坚定的责任。无事凭空发愁的人等于每天在小死几回。但务实的焦虑，即不是为很久以前留下未做的事发愁，而是为今天必须做的事所产生的积极实在的担忧，这种焦虑能以一种强烈的关注把人们和生活紧密地联在一起。 45. The Method of Scientific Research
1) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply made by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.2) There is no more difference but there is just the same kind of difference between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.3) It is not that the scales in the one case and the balance the other differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. 45参考译文
科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，简单地说，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨的解释的表达方式2耀学家的思维活动和一般人的思维活动之间并没有多大的区别，无非是面包师或屠夫的操作和方法与化学师的操作之间有所区别，前者是用普通的秤来称他们的货物，而后者是用天平和等级分得很精细的砝码来进行困难而又复杂的分析。这并不是说面包师或屠夫所用的秤和化学师所用的天平在构造原理和工作方式上有区别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种精密得多的仪器，因而在计量上必然准确得多。 46. Science of History
1) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.2) Caught in the web of its won time and place each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.3) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 4) While history once showed its close relationship with literature and philosophy the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking
new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.5) Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.6)During this transfer traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 46参考译文
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的研究最倾向于认为历史学是试图重现过去重大的史实并对其做出解释。由于每一时代的历史学家受自身所处的时代和地位的限制，都会重新决定过去对他们什么是重大的。人们之所以对历史研究的方法论产生兴趣，更多的是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次才是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。虽然历史学曾显示它同文学和哲学的紧密关系，但新诞生的社会科学似乎提供更多的机会来提出新的问题，并给予有价值的方法来理解过去。社会科学方法论必须转变去适应一门受历史资料的重要性制约而不是受当代社会的需要制约的学问。在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。 47. Books
1) Since a particular bookstore happens to resemble a supermarket anyway the inescapable though perhaps unintended message is that books are consumable items meant to be devoured and forgotten like potatoes or pezza.2) The implied inclusion of books among the world’s perishable goods is hardly made more agreeable by the reflection that increasing numbers of books these days do seem to be written with just such consumption in mind and that most bookstores have become little more than news stands for hard cover publications of this sort which are merchandised for a few weeks—sometimes only as long as they remain on the best-seller lists—and are then retired to discount store (those jumbled graveyards of books so saddening to the hearts of authors) shortly before dropping out of print altogether.3) Books that are planned for rapid oblivion probably make some kind of economic sense to publishing houses but as contribution to literature they amount to a contradiction in terms. 47参考译文
由于某家书店恰好像一个超市，因此虽然也许是无意的，却不可避免地给了我们这样一个信息：书是消费品，如同土豆或意大利意大利馅饼一样，是供人蚕食后忘掉的。无形中把书确实是为了这样的消费目的而写的就令人感到舒心，同样也不会因为想到大多数的书店已变得虚有其名，成了不过是出售这类精装书的报亭而令人感到舒心。这类精装书卖不到几个星期，有时只要一旦跌出畅销书，就会被抛到打折书店里去（也就是令作家深为痛心的乱七八糟的书坟堆），紧跟着就完全绝了版。准备让人很快忘记的书可能对出版公司有某些经济价值，而要说对文学有贡献，则简直是自相矛盾。 48. Chamberlain’s Journey
1) Whatever the enthusiasm of the English who seemed to believe that the Prime Minister was making the long journey to do what Mr. Asquith and Sir Edward had failed to do in 1914—warn Germany aggression against a small power would bring not only France but Britain into war against it—Hitler realized as the confidential German papers and subsequent events make clear that Chamberlain’s action was a godsend to him.2) Already apprised by the German Embassy in London that the British leader was prepared to advocate ―far-reaching German proposals‖ the Fuehrer was fairly certain that Chamberlain’s visit was a further assurance that as he had believed all along Britain and France would not intervene on behalf of Czechoslovakia.3) The Prime Minister had not been with him more than an hour or so before this estimate of the situation became a certainty.
48参考译文
英国人似乎认为首相之长途跋涉是要完成阿斯奎先生和爱德华爵士在1914年所没有做到的事情——警告德国：对小国的任何侵略，不但会引起法国而且是英国的参战，联合反德。然而不管英国方面如何热心，从德国的秘密文件和以后的事态演变看来，希特勒很明白，张伯伦的行动对他来说是一个天赐良机。德国驻英大使早已报告过说英国领导人愿意倡导实行“德国的多方面建议”，因此元首十分肯定，张伯伦此次前来等于是进一步保证，英国和法国，将如他一贯认为的那样，不会为捷克斯洛伐克而出兵干涉。英国首相同他会面还不到一小时，这个事先的估计就得到了肯定。
49. The Requirements of Writing Science Fiction
1) It hardly needs to be pointed out that a prime requirement for science fiction if it is to fulfil the function just formulated is that it be entertaining.2) This is by no means synonymous with jollity or with having a happy ending for tragedy is often more deeply strengthening than victory.3) But the story should be one that absorbs and convinces us and at the same time affords us relief from our daily doings by taking us via the narrative not the didactic route satisfactorily beyond our accustomed horizons.4) Properly to meet this combination of conditions is a job that demands an extremely high order of abilities.5) These must include not only a working understanding of the major principles and possibilities of present-day natural science and technology in the diverse lines relevant to the theme dealt with but also a rounded insight into human relations and feelings a fertile but well-controlled imagination and the exacting skills of a writer. 49参考译文
如果科幻小说要起到我们所规定的作用，那么我们对它的首要要求是要有娱乐性。这一点是无须指出的。但这决不等于说小说要欢快，要以胜利和大团圆结局。因为悲剧往往比喜剧更有震撼力。但故事应当引人入胜，令人信服。同时通过叙述，而不是说教，把我们带出所熟悉的世界，让我们从日常琐事中得以解脱。或许要符合这些条件需要有极高的能力。这些能力必须包括不仅仅在各种涉及主题的方面对当今的自然科学和技术的主要原理和各种可能性有基本的了解，而且对人的关系和情感有全面，深刻的理解，有丰富但不是漫无边际的想象力，和严格的写作技能。 50. The Principle of Evolution
1) Since Darwin biologists have been firmly convinced that nature works without plan or meaning pursuing no aim by the direct road of design.2) But today we see that this conviction is a fatal error.3) Why should evolution exactly as Darwin knew it and described it be planless and irrational? 4) Do not aircraft design engineers work at precisely that point where specific calculations and plans give out according to the same principle of evolution when they test the serviceability of a great number of statistically determined forms in the wind tunnel in order to choose the one that functions best? 5) Can we say that there is no process of natural selection when nuclear physicists through thousands of computer operations try to find out which materials in which combinations and with what structural form are best suited to the building of an atomic reactor? 6) They also practise no designed adaptation but work by the principle of selection.7) But it would never occur to anyone to call their method planless and irrational. 50参考译文
自达尔文以来，生物学家一直坚信，大自然的运转中没有计划的或者是没有意义的，它不会通过直接的设计途径去追求目标。但是，今天我们知道，这一信念是个严重错误。为什么进化恰达尔文所理解和描述的那样竟是无计划，无理性的呢？当飞机设计工程师在风洞里对大量的，根据数据制造的机体模型的耐用性能进行测试，以从中选出运转最佳的设计时，他们不也是在具体运算和计划不起作用的情况下，根据同样的进化原理进行工作的吗？当核物理学家经过成千上万
次的计算机运算，试图找出哪些材料，以怎样的结合方式，以及什么的结构形式，才最适宜用于原子核反应堆的建造时，我们能够说这中间没有自然选择的过程么？他们也未进行事先设计的适应性调整，而是根据选择原理开展工作的。但是人们从未认为这种方法是无计划的，无理性的。 51和平统一
为促进统一，就要有个适当的方式。所以我们建议举行两党平等会谈，实行第三次合作。大陆和台湾有不同的意识形态，实行不同的政治制度，但绝不能让这一点妨碍我们发展两岸关系，实现和平统一的大业。 参考译文（51）
1) To promote the reunification of the motherland we must find a proper means.2) So we suggest that the two Parties hold a talk on an equal footing and try for a third-time cooperation.3) The fact the mainland and Taiwan have adopted differ end ideologies and political systems should mot be allowed to stand to stand in the way of developing the relations between two sides of the Taiwan Straits and achieving the peaceful reunification. 52大学生
现在大学生的学习压力相当重。除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。总之，他们就像一个机器人。压力大，时间少，功课多。看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一种内疚感。一想到白天什么事都没干，心里就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。
参考译文（52）
1) College students now bear heavy academic pressure.2) You will find them—except seniors who are beginning to look for a job—always too busy in studies to join campus organizations too busy to take part in sports and other extracurricular activities too busy to share the interests of their friends and too busy to pay attention to anything that is not connected with their studies.3) In short they have become nothing but a robot.4) They are under pressure to do too much work in too little time.5) If their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight while they go to a movie they will feel guilty.6) The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them uncomfortable and sleepless all night.7) They study so hard that they have hardly had time to savor life and to pursue other interests to grow as well-rounded people.8) The pursuit of college education costs them too much personal happiness and health. 53孔乙已
我从此便整天的站在柜台里，专管我的职务。虽然没有什么失职，但总觉有些无聊。掌柜的是一副凶脸孔，主顾也没有好声气。教人活泼不得；只有孔乙已到店后，才可以笑几声，所以至今还记得。 参考译文（53）
1) After that I stood all day behind the bar attending to my duties.2) Although I did nothing wrong at this job I found it somewhat boring and monotonous.3) My boss was a fierce-looking man the customers were not pleasanter and the tavern failed to be bright.4) There was not any laughter until Kong Yiji came. That’s why I still remember him. 培训材料 54民工潮
新年春节刚过，农村的破旧小车站就挤满了成千上万的农民。他们只有一个目的，到城市去。
八十年代处，农村的改革，使得千千万万的农民从土地上解放了出来，纷纷跑到城市找工作。自那以后，这种大规模的民工潮一直使城市感到头痛。这不仅是因为对城市设施造成了极大的压力，而且他们担心会引发许多社会矛盾。所以外来民工往往补被看成二等公民，不能成为城市居民，孩子不能在城市读书。但是另一方面，城市和经济开发区的发展急切需要大批劳力到工厂和建设工地。而且政府也感到如果不让农民出来。而农民的不满加剧，会导致社会动乱。 参考译文（53）
1,2) Only a few days after the Lunar New Year in dilapidated little railway stations throughout the countryside millions of peasants are gathering with a single purpose to get to the cities.3,4) Even since the early 1980s when the agricultural reform freed millions of farmers to seek city jobs the mass not just because of the pressure it puts on infrastructure.5) Many fear that migration on such a giant scale will lead to social strain,6) As a result they have treated the migrants as second-class citizens.6) For instance workers form the rural heartland are denied the right to settle down as permanent residents and to send their children to city schools.7) But on the other hand in booming cities and special economic zones factories and construction sites need all the labor they can get.8,9) And the government believe that if the rural masses did not get a share of and poor countryside would further widen leading to a building-up resentment that might fuel social unrest. 55物质奖励
尽管嘴上说友谊，对运动员来说重要的仍是比赛成绩。得第一名获金牌，第四名什么也拿不到。任何想获奥运冠军的人都得中断学业，牺牲自己业余时间。这一点常常是观众没看到的。因此，运动员要求得到物质奖励是可以理解的。 参考译文（55）
1) Despite lip service paid to friendship what matters to athletes is success.2) Whoever comes first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing.3) What the spectators sometimes fail to notice is that anyone who wants and has little spare time.5) It is understandable that athletes want some tangible reward. 56改革开放
改革开放胆子要大一些，要敢于试验。冒一定的风险是必要的不冒点风险，办什么事情都有百分之百的把握，万无一失，谁敢说这样的话？一开始就自以为是，认为百分之百正确，没那回事。我就从来没那么认为。每年领导层都要总结经验，对的就坚持，不对的就丢掉或赶快改，新问题出来抓紧解决，无论是打仗还是搞改革，都经不起慢腾腾的决策。在很多情况下，都需要冒险试一试，然后一边前进一边改正自已的错误。恐怕再有三十年的时间，我们才会在各方面形成一整套更加成熟，更加定型的制度，在这个的方针，政策，也将更加定型化。 参考译文（56）
1) We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned.2) A certain amount of risk-taking is necessary.3,4) Who dares to claim that he is 100 percent sure of success right from the beginning and without taking any risk? There is no such thing as certainty.5) I have never had such notions as thinking I’m 100 percent correct.6) Every year leaders should review what they have done so as to hold to what works and discard what does not or take immediate corrective steps.7) We should lose no time in tackling them whenever new problems arise.8) No one can afford the luxury of slow decision-making whether it involves fighting a battle or making a reform.9) In many cases you have to take a chance and correct your mistakes as you go along.10) I’m afraid that it may take another 30 years to establish a set of more mature and more consistent system in all fields of endeavor under which all policies will be more consistent too 57金融危机