第二部分雅思考试八大题型之标题对应题
DAY1
题型讲解 标题对应属于雅思阅读中非常特殊的一种题型，它是典型的主旨考查题，不同于雅思阅读中的其他细节考查题型。一段话的标题（heading）往往就是这段话的主旨，或者说这段话的中心思想。而要确定段落的中心思想，就不能从某个细节入手，而应考虑整个段落的结构和框架，这样才能得出正确的答案。这种题型对学生的词汇量、语感和整体把握的能力要求较高，所以要求我们在做这种题目的时候要注意整体把握，而不是只抠细节。
解题技巧 1. 先将例子所在的选项从选项列表中划掉。
注意：虽然Heading题的选项肯定比题目个数多，但是选项是一定不会重复使用
的。原因很简单，每段话都有一个不同的主旨，只对应一个标题；如果重复，那就意味着两个不同的段落主旨相同，这是不可能的，因为若主旨相同肯定会合成一段而非分成两段。所以，若题目中出现了这样的提示：You may use any heading more than once, 根本不用管，这是个陷阱。 2. 对于Heading题，我们要先读文章，再看选项，读一段话，做一道题。 注意：这种题目不宜先看选项，因为这是一种主旨归纳题而不是细节考查题，最
怕先入为主，选项中有很多干扰项，看了之后会影响大家客观地理解段落真正的主旨。
3. 读每段话时，要抓住该段的主题句或中心词。正确答案往往是主题句的改写
或包含相应段落的中心词。
4. 某段话的答案确定后，将它的选项从选项列表中划去。
5. 这种题目中的干扰项往往是段落中未展开说明的细节，有时候我们可以适当使用排除法，以缩小选择范围。
备注：1）所有的标题只会用一次；2）问句一般不会是主题句（起过渡作用）；3）
举例子的句子不会是主题句；4）若遇到某个段落的标题不能确定时，务必先做其他段落，以免造成“连锁错误”，即错一个往往就意味着错两个。
实战演练 You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-6. Please choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs listed below.
NB: There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all. You may use any heading more than once. List of Headings i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. An important form of transportation The great industrialization in the 20th century The perceived advantages of mass transit systems Complicated and political factors More efficient and comfortable mass transit systems What is a car culture country Fewer operators but more passengers The decline in 1970 and its reasons From 1920s to early 1970s The definition of mass transit The growing environment concerns and the new systems Mass transit systems in the USA 1. Paragraph A: 2. Paragraph B: 3. Paragraph C: 4. Paragraph D: 5. Paragraph E:
6. Paragraph F:
Mass Transit
A Mass transit refers to municipal or regional public shared transportation, such as buses, streetcars and ferries, open to all on a nonreserved basis. An important form of mass transit is rapid transit, such as subways and surface light rail systems, designed for commuting between urban and suburban (or exurban) centers. Mass transit can be divided into fixed route systems (often involving rails), such as streetcars and subway trains, and non-fixed route transit (along surface streets or water), such as buses and ferries, but does not usually include airplanes, taxis, or long-distance rail with more formal ticketing procedures.
B Mass transit systems offer considerable savings in labor, materials and energy over private transit systems. Since far fewer operators are required for per passenger transported, they can be better trained and more strictly licensed and supervised. When utilized to any reasonable fraction of their capacity, mass transit vehicles carry a far higher passenger load per unit of weight and volume than do private vehicles. They also offer fuel savings, not only because of the relative reduction in weight transported, but also because they are large enough to carry more efficient engines. Further, if emphasis is given to mass transit in the planning of future ground transportation systems, smaller rights of way will be possible, lessening the amount of landscape that must be paved over for highways and roads. Although mass transit offers many savings, it does require some sacrifices in personal convenience. There is the necessity to travel on a fixed rather than an individually selected schedule and to enter and disembark from the system only at certain designated locations. The obvious goal for a mass transit system is to have as few unused passenger accommodation as possible.
C The history of mass transportation is intimately connected to industrialization, urbanization, and the separation of residence from workplace. By the beginning of the 20th century, London, New York, Boston, Paris, Budapest, and other major cities had fixed rail subway systems (sometimes elevated); by the 1920s buses were common. In
the United States, patronage of mass transit grew steadily from 1990 (six billion passengers per year) to 1927 (over 17 billion), but plummeted during the Great Depression. Patronage grew again during World War II, peaking in 1946 at 23 billion riders, but then dropped steadily every year until the mild renaissance of public transit in the early 1970s.
D The total number of riders in 1970 was less than that of 1910. The reasons for these declines are complex and often political. Los Angeles, for example, had over 1,000 miles of trolley and interurban lines before 1930; this system was taken over by a private company, dismantled, and replaced with noisy, polluting and comparatively slow buses. Since few people chose to ride them, costs rose, thereby cutting the number of passengers further. To reduce costs, private companies eliminated outlying branches and smaller stations. These trends, along with inexpensive gasoline, suburban and highway development, the deterioration of older subway lines, and the greater freedom cars offered, helped turn the United States into a car culture. E However, as the public has grown increasingly concerned over the impact of cars on the environment and the quality of life in urban areas, there is growing support for the development of more efficient and comfortable mass transit systems. Models for such systems were developed in Europe and Japan. Trains in the Paris Metro, for example, operate on rubber tires and can reach speeds of 48 mph (77km/h). Smaller cities are watching developments in Edmonton, Canada, which built a 7.2 km rapid transit system of lightweight trains at a cost of $ 65 million instead of adding five new freeways at ten times the cost.
F In the United States, efforts to upgrade mass transit systems have experienced mixed results. The trend has been away from private ownership; by 1999 over 90% of North American mass transit was publicly owned and managed. The BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) system serving San Francisco and neighboring cities maintained service during the 1989 earthquake, but it has never attracted the number of riders originally anticipated. Washington D.C.?s Metro system (144 million riders in 1988) included a wider area of service and more efficient schedules. Currently buses account
for 60% of mass transit riders in the Untied States; innovations such as articulated buses and reserved lanes on highways are balanced by the problems of noise, air pollution and traffic. The issue of mass transit has come full circle; it is once again a central social and political issue. ★ 答案与解析
1. 答案为 x。该段首句为下定义，是主题句。
2. 答案为iii。该段的首句是主题句，此后各句中的fewer operators, better trained
and more strictly licensed and supervised, carry a far higher passenger load, offer fuel savings, carry more efficient engines等词全部都是正向的，说明该段在讨论mass transit systems的好处。
3. 答案为ix。第一句说到了mass transportation的history与工业化、城市化等
密切相关。后来提到了from 1920s to early 1970s全球各个城市中mass transportation的情况。
4. 答案为viii。该段的第一句起导入性作用，第二句是主题句，下边各句都是
对具体原因的描述。
5. 答案为xi。该段的第一句为主题句。 6. 答案为xii。
DAY2
技巧进阶 根据英语文章常见的段落展开形式，现为大家提供三大解题思路：首尾句思路，中心词思路，方向性思路。 1. 首尾句思路
对与大部分的议论文来说，段落中通常会有三要素：论点、论据和论证，所以找到了论点就找到了该段的主题句，而正确答案通常为主题句的改写。主题句其实就是这段的中心句，它在段落中起着提纲挈领的作用，它的意思就是该段想表达的中心思想。这里要注意一个非常重要的原则——首句原则，即段落的主题句通常位于句首。据统计，主题句落在段首的可能性超过50%，落在第二句的