dominated in the 1920s and 1930s by William T. Cosgrave, 威廉·T·科斯格雷 prime minister of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1932. From its outset 开始Fine Gael 统一党was a conservative party favouring balanced budgets and lower taxation. As it supported free enterprise 自由企业it attracted the backing支持 of businessmen. But its support of British ties 关系proved to be a liability, 不利的 especially after the rise of Eamon De Valera to power. From 1932 it lost six general elections. However, in 1948 Fine Gael under John A. Costello约翰·A．科斯特洛 formed the first coalition 联合government after it defeated De Valera 德·凡勒拉in the general election. With the support of the smaller parties, Fine Gael's share 得票at the national polls全国选举 rose to上升至 32% in 1954. During the 1960s Fine Gael changed its image from a conservative party to a socially progressive party社会进步党, advocating a program of expanded social services. Like Fianna Fail共和党, it has support in every part of the country, in both urban and rural area, yet it remains somewhat more class-based. It is stronger among the farmers and the middle class. The party is less in favour of promoting 提倡Gaelic盖尔语 than Fianna Fail 共和党is. Its membership is estimated at between 35,000 and 40,000.
(2)统一党(自我党)在1921年新芬党分裂时占较大部分。但从那以后角色转换了。正如埃蒙·德·凡勒拉领导共和党一样，在20世纪20年代和30年代，统一党由威廉·T·科斯格雷夫领导，他在
1922年到1932年间任爱尔兰自由邦首相。从一开始统一党就是个保守政党。赞成平衡预算和较低税收。因其支持自由企业，吸引了商人的支持。但它支持与英国的关系，而结果证明是不利的，特别是在埃蒙·德·凡勒拉上台以后。从1932年起，它六次在大选中失败。但在1948年的大选中，约翰·A．科斯特洛领导的统一党击败了德·凡勒拉，组成第一个联合政府。在小党的支持下，统一党在1954年的全国选举中的得票上升至32％。在20世纪60年代统一党改变其保守党的形象，转向社会进步党，提倡扩大社会服务事业。与共和党一样，统一党遍布全国，在城市和农村地区都有支持者，而且仍有些以阶级为基础，它在农民和中产阶级中更受欢迎。这个政党不像共和党那样提倡盖尔语。估计该党党员在35，000到4 0000人之间。
(3) The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. It was founded in May 1912 by James Larkin詹姆斯·拉金 and James Conholly, 詹姆斯·康诺利 who was executed处死 for his part 参与in the 1916 Easter Uprising复活节起义. It received 10 % of the vote in the first two general elections after independence, but after the rise of Fianna Fail 共和党to power, the party went into eclipse瓦解. Since 1948 its fortunes运气 have been tied to those of its frequent coalition partner, Fine Gael. Under the leadership of Brendan Corish, 布兰登·科利斯 the party has tried to transform itself from being a trade union organization to a social democratic 民主party of the West European type.
\公有制of essential industries主要工业 and services, extensive 广泛的social benefits, 社会福利full employment, opposition to the EEC and moderation 温和on the question of Northern Ireland,
(3)爱尔兰工党是爱尔兰最古老的政党。1912年5月由詹姆斯·拉金和詹姆斯·康诺利成立，后者因其参与1916年的复活节起义而被处死。独立后的前两次大选中有10％的选票，但在共和党上台后，工党近乎瓦解。从1948年起，它的运气与它经常性的联合伙伴统一党的运气联系在一起。在布兰登·科利斯的领导下，工党试图把自己从一个工会组织转向西欧类型的社会民主党。爱尔兰工党的政策包括高税收、主要工业和服务业的公有制、广泛的社会福利、充分就业、反对加入欧共体，以及在北爱尔兰问题上的温和观点。
(4) The Progressive Democrats 进步民主党were founded in 1985 by Desmond O' Malley. 德斯蒙·奥玛利 It is the largest of the minor parties少数党 after the 1987 elections. It gained 14 seats as compared to only 12 for Irish Labour. The Progressive Democrats describe themselves as centreright中右派. Other minor parties include the Workers' Party, 工人党the Democratic Socialists 民主社会主义党and the Communist Party of Ireland. 爱尔兰共产党
(4)进步民主党由德斯蒙·奥玛利建于1985年。它是1987年大选后最大的少数党。与爱尔兰工党仅得12席相比，它得到14个席位。
进步民主党把自己描述为中右派。其他少数党有工人党、民主社会主义党和爱尔兰共产党。
III. The Economy 经济
Ireland is a free-market economy 自由市场经济with a dominant private sector. 私有经济占主导地位 It is one of the least developed countries 最不发达国家in the EC. Its small economy小型经济 is marked by slow growth, high unemployment and imbalances不平衡 in public finance公共财政. The per capita GNP is US $ 9,975 in 1991. This is only half that of the United Kingdom and is higher than only Spain, Portugal葡萄牙 and Greece among OECD countries经济合作与发展组织国家. The 1991 GNP growth rate of 2% was due largely to the vigorous 活力performance of foreign-based high-tech industries. Even though employment is growing, unemployment remains at a high 19.2% (1991). Ireland has a high budget deficit, 预算财政赤字 estimated at 8% of the GNP.
爱尔兰是以私有经济占主导地位的自由市场经济。它是欧共体中最不发达国家之一。其小型经济的特点是发展缓慢、失业率高和公共财政的不平衡。1991年的人均国民生产总值为9，975美元。这仅是联合王国的一半，在经济合作与发展组织国家中仅高于西班牙、葡萄牙和希腊。1991年的国民生产总值增长率为2％，主要归功于以外资为基础的高新技术工业充满活力。尽管就业在增加，但失业率仍高
达19．2％(1991年)。爱尔兰的预算财政赤字很高，估计占国民生产总值的8％。
1. Agriculture 农业
Although Ireland cannot be considered to be primarily首先 an agricultural country in the same sense that it was over the past centuries, agriculture still is a major sector. It generates 生成an estimated 11% of the GNP, employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports.
从过去几个世纪的同一意义上看，虽然爱尔兰不能首先被看作是农业国，但农业仍然是主要产业。它大约占国民生产总值的11％，雇佣了全国17％的劳动力，占出口总产品的25％。
As a whole, Irish farming is a mixed economy. Most of the farmers have a small piece of arable land and a considerable相当大的 area of pasture and meadow. 牧场 They depend chiefly for their living on occasional cash crops 经济作物and some from of livestock. 家畜 The principal crops include barley, 大麦wheat, sugar beets 甜菜and potatoes. But the farmer derives a sizable相当大的 part of his income from livestock. Some 84 % of the value of gross output总产值 in agriculture is accounted for by livestock and livestock products, almost all of which derives from cattle and milk. Pigs, sheep and lambs account