for most of the remainder. Dairying 奶制品工业is specialized in certain areas, notably显著地 the Munster lowlands芒斯特低地 and the area stretching inland from Donegal Bay. 多内加尔湾
总体上说，爱尔兰农业是混合经济。大多数农民有一小块耕地和大面积的牧场和草地。他们主要收入依靠偶尔种植经济作物和饲养某种家畜为主。主要作物包括大麦、小麦、甜菜和土豆。农民的一大部分收入来自家畜，农业总产值的84％来自家畜和家畜产品，基本上都是牛和牛奶。猪、羊和羊肉在剩余的家畜和家畜产品中占大多数。奶制品工业专门集中于某些地区，著名的有芒斯特低地和从多内加尔湾延伸至内地的地区。
Except for the northern farms, Irish agriculture is not intensive. 集约型 Because of good pastures and heavy rainfalls the cattle is left in the fields for as long as 10 months a year. There are few market gardens 果蔬园in a land well suited for bountiful 大量的crops. Tomatoes, apples and soft fruits 软水果are grown in very small quantities. Thus the greater part of Ireland is farmed far below远低于 its capacity. 可以开发的程度
除北部农场外，爱尔兰农业不是集约型的，因其良好的牧场和丰富的雨量，牛群一年长达10个月都放养在地里。虽然很适于种植大量的庄稼，但是果蔬园却很少。西红柿、苹果和软水果种植量极小。因此爱尔兰的较大部分的农耕远
低于它可以开发的程度。
The most significant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community. EC membership enabled Irish farmers to participate in the Community's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and export 出口their products to a wider range of markets.
爱尔兰农业近期发展中最重要的是其成为欧共体成员。欧共体成员身份使爱尔兰农民能参加共同体的公共农业政策并把他们的产品出口剖更广范围的市场。
2. Manufacturing 制造业
Since the 1960s, manufacturing has become the mainstay支柱 of the Irish economy. The small industrial units at the time of independence in 1922 had been concentrated in Dublin and the other main ports. The initial最初的 expansion was achieved under a policy of strong protectionism 保护主义and self-sufficiency自给自足, but major changes in industrial policy have occurred since about 1960. The government made a concerted effort 一致努力to spread the benefits of industrialization to all parts of the country. A proper investment climate投资环境 was created to encourage export-oriented companies to be established in Ireland. Preferential treatment优惠待遇 was given to
firms willing自愿 to be located in less-developed regions, away from the major urban centres. As a result of these policies, industry is now spread widely around the country. However, the density is still higher in the eastern half of the nation. 45 % of national industrial employment is concentrated in three main areas: County Dublin, the Cork city科克市 and harbour 港口区
area and the Limerick-Shannon-Ennis triangle. 利默里克——香农——埃尼期三角区Foreign investment has also been welcomed in industry. As a result, the industrial share of the GNP rose from 25.7% in 1949 to 33% in 1981. In contrast, 与此相反the agricultural share decreased during the same period, from 29.5% to 10%
自从20世纪60年代以来，制造业一直是爱尔兰经济的支柱。1922年独立时，小型工业单位集中在都柏林和其他主要港口。最初的发展是在强烈的保护主义和自给自足政策下取得的，但自从约1960年以来工业政策发生了重大变化。政府一致努力把工业化的好处传播至全国所有地方，为鼓励那些在爱尔兰成立、面向出口的公司，创造了合适的投资环境。给予自愿把公司建在远离大城市中心的不发达地区的公司优惠待遇。这些政策的结果是工业现已遍布全国。但是在东半部的分布仍很稠密。45％的全国工业就业集中在三大主要地区：都柏林郡，科克市和港口区以及利默里克——香农——埃尼期三角区。工业也欢迎外国投资。因而，国民生产总值中的工业份额从1949年的25．7％上升至1981年的33％。与此相反，同期的农业份额却从
29．5％降至10％。
Of industrial employment, 66 % are employed in manufacturing. Within manufacturing, employment tripled 三倍in the metals and engineering sector, 工程业 from 21,100 in 1958 to 61,000 in 1982. A similar rate of increase was reported by the chemicals sector. At the same time, the share of labour-intensive劳动密集型 industries, such as footwear, 鞋袜业 clothing and textiles, 纺织业 declined from 19.2% in 1958 to 8.6% in 1980. Industrial output has grown by an average of 5% annually since tariff barriers 关税壁垒were eliminated取消 in 1977. The most dramatic 显著growth was experienced by hi-tech industries高新技术工业, which have grown by 15% annually.
在工业就业中，66％的工人雇佣于制造业。在制造业内，金属业和工程业的就业人数从1958年的22，110人增长至1982年的61，000；增长三倍。同时劳动密集型工业的份额，像鞋袜业、服装和纺织业，则从1958年的19．2％降到1980年的8．6％。自从1977年取消关税壁垒以来，工业产量每年平均增长5％。而高新技术工业的增长最显著，每年增长15％。
Successive 连续几届Irish governments have adopted a consistent一贯的 and positive approach 积极的方针toward attracting overseas investment海外投资. Over 300 foreign firms set up manufacturing bases
in Ireland from 1973 to 1983. The number of people employed by foreign-owned industries increased by over 19,000 during the same period, to 80,000. The new foreign firms now account for over 70 % of manufactured exports. 出口制成品
爱尔兰政府连续几届都采用一贯和积极的方针吸引海外投资。从1973年到1983年间，300多家外国公司在爱尔兰建立生产基地。同期外资工厂的雇佣人数从19，000多人增至80，000人。新的外资公司的产品占出口制成品的70％以上。
3. Mining 矿业
Ireland has been a major mineral producer since the 1960s. The most significant success is the discovery of zinc-lead deposits矿藏 at Navan纳凡 in County Meath. 米斯郡With the output from the Navan mine, Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe. In addition to除…. 外metals, the country's mineral resources 矿产资源include the so-called所谓的 industrial minerals工业矿物 such as barite重晶石, limestones石灰石, phosphate磷酸盐 and gypsum. 石膏 Most of the copper 铜矿and silver mines have been shut down. 关闭 There are eight coalfield 煤区areas in Ireland but only three are being worked. Coal production peaked at 240,000 tons in 1957 but has since declined to 75,000 tons annually.
自20世纪60年代以来，爱尔兰一直是主要的矿产生产国。其