言of modern Irish. The language has been taught in all government schools of the country since 1922.
如同第11章所说，爱尔兰有两种官方语言：爱尔兰语和英语。爱尔兰语或爱尔兰盖尔语是凯尔特语言。其历史有三个阶段：古爱尔兰语(从约7世纪到约9世纪时期)；中世纪爱尔兰语(从约9世纪到13世纪)；现代爱尔兰语(从13世纪到现在)。现代爱尔兰语有各种各样的方言。从1922年起全国所有的政府学校都教授这门语言。
Old Irish works 著作exist only in Middle Irish copies. 中世纪爱尔兰著作 The most important works of the Middle Irish period are prose sagas传奇 and poem-cycles. 组诗One of the most well-known writers of that period is the poet Ossian, 奥西恩who wrote about mythical 神话heroes英雄 such as Cuchulain 库丘林and Finn MacCumhaill. 芬麦克库海Irish literature declined during and after the time of Cromwell. The Gaelic League, founded in 1893, has led the modern revival复兴 of the Irish language, and Irish literature.
古爱尔兰语著作仅存于中世纪爱尔兰著作中。爱尔兰中世纪时期最重要的著作是散文传奇和组诗。当时最著名的作家之一是诗人奥西恩，他写了库丘林和芬麦克库海这样的神话英雄。爱尔兰文学衰落于克伦威尔时期及之后。盖尔语联盟，成立于1893年，领导爱尔兰语言和文学的现代复兴。
The most well-known Irish writer of the modern period is James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882--1941). He was born in Dublin, but lived on the Continent 欧洲大陆from 1904. However, all his writing is centred on Dublin. His main works are the book of realistic 现实主义short stories Dubliners《都柏林人》 (1914), A Portrait of the Artist As A Young Man《作为年轻人的艺术家画像》 (1916) and Ulysses 《尤利西斯》(1922). In A Portrait of the Artist As A Young Man , he introduced the stream of consciousness 意识流technique. 技巧 The novel traces追踪 the evolution 成长of its hero, Stephen Dedalus, 史蒂芬·德达卢斯 from infancy幼年 to young manhood, 青年时代 centring in his renunciation 摒弃of the Catholic faith and exploring those aspects in him that reveal揭示 the unique独特的 perceptiveness感知的, sensitivity敏感的 and detachment超脱凡俗 of the artist. Ulysses is Joyce's masterpiece. 杰作The novel describes the events of one day in the lives of several people in Dublin, and explores their subconscious 潜意识minds. The novel makes many experiments of style. Joyce's innovations创新 in language and style have deeply influenced 20th century writing.
最著名的现代爱尔兰作家是詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882—1941)。他出生于都柏林，但从1904年起住在欧洲大陆。但他的所有作品都以都柏林为中心。主要作品有现实主义短篇故事《都柏林人》(1914年)，《作为年轻人的艺术家画像》(1916年)和《尤利西斯》(1922年)。
在《作为年轻人的艺术家画像》中他引进了意识流技巧。小说追踪主人翁史蒂芬·德达卢斯从幼年到青年时代的成长，以他摒弃天主教信仰为中心，探寻揭示艺术家独特的感知、敏感和超脱凡俗的方方面面。《尤利西斯》是乔伊斯的杰作。小说描述了都柏林几个人在一天里的事情，探索了他们的潜意识。小说对写作风格做了很多试验。乔伊斯的语言和风格的创新深深影响了20世纪的写作。
1. The head of state is _____, elected by direct suffrage for a term of ____ years.
A. the president, 4 C. the president, 7 B. the prime minister, 5
D. the prime minister, 7
2. In Ireland the prime minister is appointed by______ on the nomination of_______
A. the Queen / the president B. the president / the Queen
C. the president / the House of Representatives D. the Queen / the House of Representatives
3. The Republic of Ireland consists of______of the ________land. A. 25; 30 B. 26. 30 C. 25, 32 D. 26.
32
4. In Ireland all the legislative powers are vested in the_______ A. President B. Prime Minister
C. Cabinet D. Parliament 5. What are Ireland's chief exports?
A. Foodstuffs (especially beef), electrical machinery and chemicals. B. Wool, dairy products and fruit.
C. Motor vehicles, electrical machinery and petroleum.
D. Coal, mining equipment and textiles. 6. Almost _____of Irish magazines deal with religion.
A. 1/3 B. 1/4 C. 1/5 D. 1/6 7. What does the Irish Oireachtas consist of ?
The Oireachtas consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate.
8. What are the two types of farming in Ireland? They are arable farming and stock farming.
1. Which of the following statement is not right about the president of reland?
A. The president is the head of the state.
B. He can summon or dissolve the Oireachtas (Parliament).
C. He shares certain lawmaking powers with Congress. D. He is the head of the defence forces.
2. There are_____coalfield areas in Ireland but only ____are being worked. A.8;4 B.8;3 C.10;5 D.9;4
3. In Ireland, the powers of the Seanad, as defined by the Constitution, are in general_____ of the Dail. A. more than those B. less than those C. equal
D. superior to those
4. Now in Ireland_____ provides 16% of total primary energy requirements. A. gas B. coal C. oil D. peat
5. Secondary schools are by and large_____in Ireland. A. state-aided B. private