on--that account for the bulk 份额in terms of value of manufactured exports. Ireland now has a dual 双重export base. The United Kingdom has yielded让位 place to EC countries. In 1986, 72% of total exports went to EC countries. Ireland also has markets in the Middle East, North Africa, Australia, the United
States and Japan. In 1986, 8.7% went to the United States and 1.8% went to Japan. Ireland's exports represents占52% of the GNP, a high proportion 比例by international standards国际标准. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total exports. The value of imports generally exceeds 超过that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic 长期negative balance of trade. 贸易逆差Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.
现在的爱尔兰是工业出口国，自从20世纪50年代以来，出口商品不仅在价值和数量上有所增长，并且在复杂性和多样化上也有所增长。传统制造业的手工艺品、食品和饮料加工、服装和纺织品并没失去重要地位，但占出口制造品价值大量份额的却是工业产品——化学品和药品、电子机械、数据处理设备、科学仪器、合成纤维等等。爱尔兰现有双重出口基地。联合王国已让位于欧共体国家。1986年，总出口的72％出口到欧共体国家。在中东、北非、澳大利亚、美国和日本爱尔兰也有市场。1986年，8．7％出口到美国，1．8％出口到日本。爱尔兰的出口占国民生产总值的52％，根据国际标准这个比例很高，制造商品约占总出口商品的三分之二。进口商品额通常超
过出口商品额，这就是为什么爱尔兰长期贸易逆差，一直依靠进口石油是高进口额的原因之一。
IV. Education 教育
Until the 19th century education was mostly in the hands of the Church and state control was limited. Although a national system of primary education was set up in 1831 and a national system of secondary education in 1878, political troubles 政治动荡and state opposition to denominational schools国家对教派学校的反对 prevented阻碍 the development of an effective school organization. Only with the establishment of the Irish Free State did education become a national priority. 优先
直到19世纪教育大多掌握在教会手中，国家控制有限。尽管1931年建立了全国小学教育制度，1878年建立了全国中学教育制度，但政治动荡和国家对教派学校的反对阻碍了高效的学校组织的发展。直到爱尔兰自由邦成立以后，教育也成为国家优先考虑的大事。
Schooling is compulsory 义务between ages 6 and 15. The chief language of instruction教学语言 is English, but Gaelic occupies a place of honour 令人尊敬的地位in the curriculum 课程and is compulsory for all students in state-aided政府资助 schools. More than 95 % of primary children attend national schools, of which 20% are run by
Catholic orders. Secondary schools are by and large private and denominational. 宗教的 Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dublin, of which Trinity College 三一学院is a constituent分院. It was founded in 1591. The National University is the nation's second institution of higher learning. 高等教育学府
6岁到15岁之间是义务教育。英语是主要的教学语言，但在课程中盖尔语占有令人尊敬的地位，并且所有的政府资助的学校的学生必须学习盖尔语。95％以上的小学生上国立学校，其中20％的学校是天主教会开办的。中学大体上是私立和宗教学校。爱尔兰最古老的大学是都柏林大学，三一学院是其一分院，成立于1591年。国家大学是第二大高等教育学府。
V. Media and Culture 传媒和文化
Newspapers have been published in Ireland for over three centuries. The first newssheet 报纸was published in February 1659. Today the Irish Times《爱尔兰泰晤士报》 is the nation's most influential daily. It is regularly read by the professional 职业人士and managerial elite. 高级管理人员The Irish Independent is a best-selling daily. It has the largest circulation. 发行量 It is loosely宽松地 identified with 倾向于the Fine Gael Party 统一党and appeals to a Catholic, bourgeois资产阶级 and rural audience. The Irish Press is controlled by the De Valera family德·凡勒拉家族 and is regarded by the party faithful 忠诚的as the organ 喉舌of Fianna Fail. 共和党 报纸在爱尔兰已发行三个多世纪。第一份报纸在1659年2月发行。今天《爱尔兰泰晤士报》是全国最有影响的日报。它的读者通常是职业人士和高级管理人员。《爱尔兰独立报》是最畅销的日报，发行量最大。它倾向于统一党，吸
引的读者群是天主教徒、资产阶级和农村读者。《爱尔兰新闻报》由德·凡勒拉家族控制，被视为共和党忠诚的喉舌。
Some 250 magazines are published in Ireland. Almost one-fifth of them deal with涉及 religion. Political periodicals期刊 include the Magill, 《马其尔》a radical monthly, 激进 月刊and Hibernia, an anti-establishment反对现存体制 republican 共和党weekly. 周刊 All Irish newspapers are privately and domestically owned. Attempts for foreign control have been vigorously 强烈地opposed. In recent years there has been increasing concentration in ownership as a result of economic pressures经济压力, both from declining readership and loss of advertising support. Irish newspapers are forbidden to refer to the Irish Republican Army because the IRA is an illegal organization in Ireland. 爱尔兰出版大约250份杂志。其中约五分之一涉及宗教问题。政治期刊包括激进月刊《马其尔》以及反对现存体制的共和党周刊《爱尔兰》。所有的爱尔兰报纸都是由国内私人所有。外国控制的企图一直遭到强烈反对。最近几年，由于读者减少和失去广告支持造成的经
济压力，报纸所有权越来越集中。爱尔兰报纸禁止提及爱尔兰共和军，因为爱尔兰共和军在爱尔兰是非法组织。
Ireland has no national news agency. 爱尔兰没有国家通讯社。
Irish broadcasting 广播began in 1926 in a small studio播音室 called Dublin Broadcasting Station, 都柏林广播站with the call signal 呼叫信号2RN. In 1960 it was converted into Radio Telefis Eireann 爱尔兰广播电台(RTE). RTE radio broadcasts its programs on two wavelengths, 波长/频道RTE1 and RTE2. The television service began transmission转播 in 1961. It is broadcast on two channels, RTE1 and RTE2.
1926年在称为都柏林广播站的小播音室里开始爱尔兰广播，呼叫信号是2RN。1960年广播站变为爱尔兰广播电台(RTE)。在RTEl和RTE 2两个频道广播节目。1961年开始电视转播。在RTEl和RTE2两个频道播放。
As mentioned in Chapter 11, Ireland has two official languages: Irish and English. Irish or Irish Gaelic is a Celtic language. Its history has three periods: Old Irish (from about the 7th century to about the 9th century) ; Middle Irish (from about the 9th century to the 13th century); Modern Irish (13th century to the present). There are various dialects 方