一、名词、代词、主谓一致P82、倒装P78 二、形容词、副词、时态语态P55、强调句P98
三、虚拟语气(情态动词)P70、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)P40 四、非谓语动词、语法练习2、复合从句P89 五、复合从句、语法练习、真题、词汇讲解
第二节 名词
一、综述:考点侧重于名词的数和名词的所有格。规则形式是在名词后加-s;但以sh、ch、s、x和z结尾的名词后加-es;辅音字母加-y结尾的名词变y为i,再加-es;f或者fe结尾的名词将f、fe变为-ves,但chief、cliff、grief等只加-s。以s结尾的某些表示疾病、学科、游戏及地理的名词和专有名词通常视为单数,?means(方法);一些名词单复数形式相同,如deer,sheep等。复数形式变化不规则的名词,datum/data(数据)、medium/media(媒体)
?If the weather is ___suitable,we will play the match on Tuesday. C A.by no means 绝不 B.by all means 千方百计 C.by any means 无论如何 D.by means of 以...方法
The designing of such a complicated(复杂)device is ___an easy job. D A.by all means B.by any means C.by means of D.by no means
二、重要考点
(一)常用不可数名词
?damage furniture information knowledge ?recognition ?violence
?do damage破坏 to(介词)
The accident did very little ___to either car. C
A.destruction 破坏(construction建设) B.ruin无法修补的破坏 C.damage D.demolition ?recognize V.认识、认知 ?important adj.-importance n. violent adj.-violence n,暴力
intelligent adj.聪明的-intelligence n.智力
(二)一些不可数名词的常用单数形式:一个可数名词+of+不可数名词 an article of clothing a piece of information an act of violence
(三)一些不可数名词的常用复数形式:一个可数名词的复数形式+of+不可数名词 four articles of clothing two pieces of information many pieces of furniture
(四)不可数名词的其他单数形式
a news story a raindrop雨滴 a homework assignment
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(五)常用数量表示法 可数名词 a/an,one,two,three another few a few fewer ?a/the number of many several 不可数名词 - - little a little less amount of much - 可数名词 a lot of some any no each every all other 不可数名词 a lot of some any no - - all other
?a number of V.复 许多 the number of V.单 ...的数量
The number of mixed couples in China this year___much larger than ___last year. A A.is,that B.are,those C.is,it D.are,/
I know the number of people in this city___550,000 and a number of them ___from Asia.C A.are,are B.is,is C,is,are D,are,is
(六)单复数名词的其他表示方法:type of,kind of,one of,the...of the
(七)数字有时可以当名词或形容词使用。当名词使用时,其词尾可加-s/-es变为复数形式。而当形容词使用时,其词尾不可加-s/-es
名词:hundreds of examples 形容词:ten thousand people
第三节 代词 一、综述 二、重要考点
(一)one...the other 和 one...another 的区别
one...the other 所修饰的数是两个,the other指两者中的另一个;而 one...another所修饰的数是三个或三个以上,another指不定数目(至少三个)中的另一个。 On one hand,...On the other hand...一方面另一方面 For one thing,...For another....一则...再说
(二)both 和 all 的区别
both用于指两个人或事物,all用于指两者以上的人或物。both与all作同位语用,放在名词或代词后,We both study very hard.若谓语是系动词时,则需将其放在系动词后。若谓语是行为动词,前面又有助动词时,应放在助动词之后,They have both gone to Beijing on business.both与all都可用of结构。若其后是名词,of可省略;若是人称代词,of不可省略。
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(三)whole 和 all 的区别
whole表示全部、所有的意思时,后面不能接复数,而且采用”the+whole+名词”的词序。当all表示全部、所有时,后面既可跟不可数名词,也可跟复数可数名词,并采用“all+the+名词”的词序,all the students.但all day、all night 不用the。
(四)none 和no one 的区别
none表示...之中没有一个,一般是对两者以上的人或物进行否定。none可以代替单数或者复数名词,谓语动词也有单数或复数变化形式,而它既可以指人也可以指物。neither(of)表示两者都不。no one表示一个也没有,即not a single one只代替单数名词,只能指人,谓语动词用单数形式。
(五)each 和 every 的区别
表示两个事物中的每一个,必须用each,不可用every。当each在句中作主语、同位语或副词状语时,也不可用every替换。
三、例题
1、It was___who cleaned the dorm room. A 强调句(拿去强调句式仍是完整句) A、he and I B、him and me C、he and me D、him and I 2、These machines are better than___we turned out last year. C A、that B、what C、those D、which
第十二节 主谓一致
一、综述:考试侧重点是主语和谓语动词之间的数的一致 主谓一致遵循的三个原则
(一)语法一致原则:主单,谓单;主复,谓复 (二)概念一致原则:谓语动词的单数或复数的形式取决于主语所表示的概念而不是主语的语法形式
(三)就近原则:谓语动词在人称和数的形式上和主语中最靠近的词取得一致
二、重要考点
(一)?集体名词作主语时,主语和谓语动词一致:集体名词在句中指集体概念,谓语动词用单数形式;在句中指其具体成员,谓语动词用复数形式。audience(观众),committee(委员会),crew(乘务员),staff(员工),army,class,crowd,couple,family,group,team,public,band. The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception. The public now know the whole story.
?The flight service crew___largely women. C A.is B.was C.are D.were
(二)?学科名称和疾病名称作主语时,主语和谓语动词一致。某些学科名称和疾病名称虽是词尾加-s的形式,但这些词作主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。electronics(电子
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学),mechanics(力学),classics(古典文学),linguistics(语言学),economics(经济学),statistics(统计学),physics(物理学),mathematics(数学) Electronics is a piece of cake to him.
?When John was elected president,his country was facing an___crisis. A
A.economic经济的 B.economical节约的 C.economy经济 D.economics经济学
(三)表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词或词组作主语时,主语与谓语动词一致。表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词或词组作主语时,如只指一种、一本或一个,不论它的形式是单数还是复数,谓语动词只用单数形式。The New York Times is not available here.
(四)单复数同形的名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词一致。单复数同形的名词作主语时,要根据句子意思来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。
means,species(物种),?series(系列),works(著作,工厂),crossroads(十字路口), headquarters(总部),aircraft,deer,fish,sheep
Various means of transport are introduced in this article.
?a/several series of
(五)表示时间、距离、度量、价值的复数名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致。这些复数名词,表示抽象概念,被视为一整体时,谓语动词用单数形式;表示具体的多少、强调复数意义时,谓语动词用复数形式。 Ten minutes is all that I can spare for you.
The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours.
(六)?【就远原则】由with,as well as等词或词组修饰的单数名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词一致。作主语的单数名词后有下列词或词组修饰时,谓语动词仍用单数形式:with,along with,together with,besides,as well as,in addition to,be accompanied by(伴随着),rather than(而不是),but(除了,except) ?The boss,rather than his employees,is to blame.
?A单 as well as B单/复 VA 单
Professor Wu,with three lecturers,___attending a symposium(专题讨论会)in Shanghai on energy now. A
A.is B.are C. was D.were
Nobody but San and Ann___in the lab. D A.are B.had been C.were D.is
John,along with his cousin from the U.S.,___to the park. A (就远原则,主谓一致) A.suggests going B.suggest to go C. suggests to go D.suggest going ?employ V.雇佣 employer n.雇主 employment n.就业 unemployment 失业
(七)and连接的两个名词作主语时,主语和谓语动词一致。一般情况下,and连接的两个名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。但有些情况下,and连接的两个名词指同一人物、同一事物、同一概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式。另外,如果and连接的两个单数名词均有
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each、every、??many a,no等词修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式。 The wear and tear on the machine is obvious.
Many a boy and many a girl has been to the exhibition.
?many a 许多(单数形式,复数意义)
?Many a student___going to take part in CET-6 next month. A A.is B.is to C.are D.was
Many a man___life is ?meaningless without purpose. B A.think B.thinks C.thought D.has thought
?Be careful when you watch the painting as it is___. B +less无价的
A.valueless 无价值 B.priceless C.costless 无价值 D.worthless 无价值
(八)【就近原则】连词or等连接两个名词(或代词)作主语时,主语和谓语一致。or,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but also.... Either I or they (are responsible for)对...负责 it.
(九)none本身作主语时或它修饰的名词或代词作主语时,如代表不可数名词,谓语动词用单数,如代表可数名词,谓语动词既可用单数名词也可用复数名词。
(十)one and a half后接的名词应是复数形式,但谓语动词用单数形式。 One and a half years has passed.
(十一)more than one后接单数可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,但如果more than one 本身作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
(十二)either,neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
(十三)one or two后接复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
(十四)?one of后接复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。One of the apples has gone bad.取决于先行词,\复\时动词用复数形式,\复\时动词用单数形式。
?John is the only one of the students who___to France. A
A.has been B. have been C.had been D.has being
This is the best one of automobiles(汽车) that___in working order. B A.is B.are C.had been D.have
This is one of the rarest questions that___at such a meeting. D
A.has even been raised B. Is raised C.are raised D.have ever been raised (十五)动词不定式、动名词短语、?名词性从句等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 To hesitate means failure.
?What matters___not winning but participating. D what引导的名词性从句 A.are B.to be C.was D.is
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