（2）谓语动词时用一般过去式还是用现在完成时主要取决于动作是否对现在有影响。 What did she say about it?
I have lived in Beijing for 15 years.
（四）一般过去时（不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去） I had a word with Mary this morning.
（1）一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用：yesterday,last week,in 1993,at that time,once,during the war,before,a few days ago,when.
（2）\＋V原形\表示\过去经常\而现在已经停止的习惯动作。 He used to work fourteen hours a day.
（3）区分\和\，后者意为习惯于，to为介词。
（五）过去进行时
Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkings was telling me his experiences as a young man.
（六）过去完成时
过去完成时表示过去某时之前已完成的动作或状况。在句中有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语。
?By the end of the war,the small workshop had become a large factory.
?By the end of World War II,the drama theaters___to about thirty theaters in New York. A
A.had been reduced B.were reduced C.have been reduced D.reduced By the end of next year,I ___enough money to buy a house. D A.will save B.have save C.must save D.will have saved
By the end of...＋时间（过去，过去完成时had Ved;将来，将来完成时will have Ved） By the time到...时间为止
（七）一般将来时
一般将来时表示某个将来时间会发生的动作或情况，也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作。
He will take part in an important race across the country.
be going to,be to do,be about to也可表示将来的动作，但它们常常表示打算、计划、安排和即将要发生的动作。will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的动作或情况。
（八）将来进行时（will＋be＋动词的现在分词） I will be having an English class this time tomorrow.
（九）将来完成时
将来完成时表示将来某时前已完成的动作，它也可用来表示推测。 They will have stayed here for five months next week.
（十）现在完成进行时
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别：前者一般表示已经结束的动作或情况，它强调对现在
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的影响。后者一般表示仍在进行或刚刚还在进行的动作或情况，它强调动作的延续性。 We___each other for ten years. B
A.had known B.have known C.have been knowing D.know It___almost every day so far this month. D （下雨动作可持续） A.is raining B.rained C.rains D.has been raining
第八节 语态
一、综述：主动语态和?被动语态（助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词）
?He returned a week later and found his house___. D
A.had broken into B.was broken into C.to be broken into D.had been broken into In 1950,she was(过去时间) the largest ship that___. D
A.was ever built B.has ever built C.has ever been built D.had ever been built The house suddenly collapsed ?while it___down. C
A.was pulled B.pulled C.was being pulled D.had been pulled
collapse Vi 倒塌；不及物动词（不及物动词考词汇，不可以有被动态） pull down Vt 拆除 ?when/while(见第十三节复合从句)
二、重要考点
（一）除及物动词外，一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可使用被动语态形式，除个别情况，短语动词一般不拆开使用。
This matter will be ?dealt with as soon as possible.
?deal,dealt,dealt deal with Vi =cope with Vi=handle Vt=tackle处理 Vt
We should urge the government to take some___measures(采取有效措施） to___the unpleasant social problems. B
A.efficient有效率的,tackle B.effective行之有效的,handle C.efficient,cope Vi D.effective,deal Vi
（二）不及物动词/短语和表示状态的动词/短语无被动语态形式：happen,?rise,?occur,take place,break out,lack,fit,suit,equal,become,resemble,befall,?consist of,look like
?rise,rose,risen上升 raise,raised,raised提升，饲养，筹集 arise,arose,arisen(from) 出现
Many difficulties have___as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel. C A.risen B.raised C.arisen出现 D.arrived Some unexpected problems___when he left his job. D A.rose B.aroused C.raised D.arose
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arouse,aroused,aroused 及物动词. 引起，激发，唤起
?sth occur to sb 某人想到 It (形式主语）occurs to sb that...(主语从句）
?The United Kingdom___Great Britain and Northern Ireland. C(某些不及物动词和表示状态的动词无被动语态形式）
A.consisted of B.is consisted of C.consists of D.consist
consist of=be made up of/be composed of 由...构成 make up=compose构成 Our class___more than 50 students,some of whom are from other provinces. D A.makes up of B.composes of C.makes up for 弥补 D.consists of
（三）将主动语态形式改为被动语态形式时，如遇到动词后跟双宾语的情况，我们只能将其中之一变成主语，另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变为主语时，保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。
I gave my husband a tie as a birthday present.
→My husband was given a tie as a birthday present. →A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present.
He was___admittance to the theater for not being properly dressed. A A.denied B.rejected C.declined D.deprived give sb sth给予 offer sb sth
deny sb sth/deny sth(to sb） 拒绝给予，不准 sb be denied sth deny doing sth 否认 deprive sh of sth 剥夺
（四）不定式符号to在被动语态中不可省略。在主动语态中，感官动词和“使”动词常跟不带to的动词不定式，但在被动语态中要有to。
I saw her pass by the window.→She was seen to pass by the window.
（五）某些实义动词加副词也表示被动意义:wash,write,sell,eat,keep,open,read,shut. The pen writes well.这笔很好使
?用主动形式表示被动意义（固定用法）I am to blame./I do not know who to blame./The boss,rather than his employees,is to blame.
?blame sth on sb把...怪... blame sb for sth因...责怪 scold sb for sth因...责骂 The children were___for getting their shoes and socks wet. C
A. suffered遭受 B.accused指控 C.scolded责骂 D.complained抱怨投诉
（六）want,?deserve,need,require,stand,take,won't bear with后跟主动形式的动名词可以表示被动意义。
The children need looking after(=to be looked after)孩子需要照看 The film is quite ?worth watching.
?sth deserve值得doing/to be done
sth/sb want/need/require/demand/deserve 1、Ving 2、to be Ved ?见“词汇”第102组
（七）某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。
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He is hard to please.
（八）被动语态中常用的几个介词：by表示动作的执行者或施动力；with（tools）表示用某种工具；of（materials）表示用某种原料制成（制成品可见原料）；from（substance)表示源于某种物质（制成品不见原料）
（九）非谓语动词也有被动语态 不定式（to do） 动名词（v-ing） 一般式 to be done being done 完成式 to have been done having been done
第十四节 强调句 综述：
（一）?当句子中的主语、宾语、状语需要强调时，?强调句型为：It is(was)＋被强调部分＋that(?who)＋句中其他部分
?It was___who cleaned the dorm room. A (拿去强调句式仍是完整句） A.he and I B.him and me C.he and me D.him and I
Don't be too hard on him.After all,it was for the first time___he made such a mistake. A A.that B.when C.since D.before
?被强调的部分与句中其他部分连起来是完整句子:It was at 8 o'clock that he came back. ?必须强调的是主语（人）
（二）?it is(was) not until...that也为强调句中的一种，意思是“直到...才”
?It was not until be arrived at the railway station___he realized he had forgotten his ticket.D
A.before B.since C.when D.that
（三）?do在句子可用来强调谓语动词，用于一般过去时或一般现在时。 ?\ D A.can B.has C.should D.does
（四）如果强调特殊疑问句，可用\特殊疑问词＋is(was)＋it＋that＋句子\
二、重要考点
（一）It is(was)＋被强调部分＋that(who)＋句中其他部分 强调主语或者宾语，则that可用who（指人），whom或which（指物）来代替；强调的是
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状语，只能用that。注意：强调结构不能用来强调谓语动词和表语。 It is the article that(which)they discussed last week.
（二）谓语动词前用do,does,did表示强调
肯定句中，可以用do（务必，一定，真的，确实）强调谓语部分，这时动词要用原形。 He does like to eat noodles.
（三）特殊疑问词＋is(was)＋it＋that＋句子：表示\究竟在哪\、\到底是谁\Where was it(that) you saw the man?
第九节 情态动词 一、重要考点
（一）“情态动词＋have＋done”表示过去时间的各种情态
wouldn't have done sth,(本来不会),should/ought to have done sth,(本应该/应该已经...),would have done sth.(本来会),can/could/may/might have done sth(可能/也许已经),must have done sth.(一定做过，对过去情况的肯定推测),can't/couldn't have done sth,(一定没有做过，对过去情况的否定推测)。?needn't＋完成时（表示对已经做过的事情感到是不必要的，本没必要做的但实际做了。只有否定形式）
?They___informed(通知),or they would get here on time. C
A.mustn't have been B.shouldn't have been 本不应该做 C.can't have been 一定没有，不可能已经做 D.needn't have been The careless man received a ticket for speeding.He___so fast. C A.can't have driven B.wouldn't have driven C.shouldn't have driven 本不应该 D.mustn't have driven
（二）“情态动词＋be＋doing”表示“应当正在”、“一定正在”、“可能正在”。 “情态动词＋have been doing”表示“应当一直在”、“想必一直在”。 He should not be watching TV now.It is time for class. They must have been working on their thesis.
（三）情态动词后面加被动语态，在很多情况下，动词的主语是动作的承受者，因此，在有情态动词的句子中，情态动词后面要跟动词的被动语态形式。 Many rare animals should be saved from extinction.
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