answer sheet. Answer all questions following the passage on what is stated or implied in the passage.
PASSAGE ONE
There is little doubt in the minds of most petroleum geologists, from the evidence of association, that petroleum originates from organic matter of both plant and animal origin that accumulates in fine-grained sediment under quiet conditions relatively deficient in oxygen. These ideas receive firmer support from geochemical studies of sedimentary organic matter, indicating that petroleum is generated during burial of the sediment, primarily under the influences of heat and time, and that it is expelled from the source rocks during compaction.
Crude oils are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons. Geochemical evidences suggest that conditions favorable for significant generation of petroleum do not normally occur above depths of about 1.500 meters below the surface. There is some geological evidence, based on oil occurrence and inferred source rocks, suggesting a shallower \of about 600 meters. This distinction is not academic because it is important to be able to assess the possibilities of petroleum generation and migration at an early stage of exploration. The matter will be resolved when source rock for specific petroleum accumulations can be identified and their burial history accurately determined. 1、What is the subject of this passage? （A） A. Origin and generation of oil and gas B. Oil and gas
C. Production of oil and gas D. Functions of oil and gas 2、According to this passage, which of the following sentences is true? （D） A. Nobody believes that petroleum originates from organic matters. B. Petroleum could not originate from organic matter. C. Crude oil is is a simple element. D. Crude oil is a complex mixture.
3、What is the meaning of the word \ （D） A. completed B. coupled C. component D. complicated
4、Conditions favorable foe generation of petroleum normally occur? （B） A. above depths of about 1.500 meters below the surface B. under depths of about 1.500 meters below the surface
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C. any depth D. deep in the earth
5、When is the petroleum generated? （C） A. During the generation of rocks B. As the continent was formed C. During burial of the sediment D. Since the earth existed PASSAGE TWO
Cable-tool rigs were relatively simple to operate and easy to repair. They drilled slowly compared to a rotary rig and were depth limited. At their maximum efficiency while drilling in very hard, tough, abrasive formations, they were economically competitive with rotary rigs in these formations at depths to 5,000 ft, until rotary rigs began using air drilling in the mid 1950s.
The development of the rotary rig effectively revolutionized the oil and gas industry. They were able to drill faster and deeper than cable tools. Rotary drilling also was adaptable to techniques for controlling high pressure zones, encountered especially in the deeper drilling. The first rotary rigs were powered by steam. Steam was generated in locomotive-type boilers.
From an operational viewpoint, the later steam rigs were highly efficient. They could trip the drillpipe and drill as fast as a present-day rig, assuming the same types of bits were used. Steam rigs used large amounts of water, so boiler scaling created problems. The larger steam pumps were somewhat limited, especially at higher pressures. The rigs used large amounts of fuel. This was not a problem with cheap fuel, except in the case of wildcat wells where higher fuel transportation costs were incurred. The rigs were large and heavy, resulting in high moving costs. As a result of these disadvantages, the steam rigs were gradually replaced by power rigs. The last steam rigs were used in developing fields where fuel and water were available.
The earliest mechanical or power rigs were similar to steam rigs, except the steam engines were replaced by gasgasoline or diesel engines on the draw works. The stem end of the pump was replaced with a gearbox and driven by an engine through a mechanical friction clutch.
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6、Which of the following is mainly discussed by the author? （B） A. Cable-tool rigs B. Rotary rigs C. Rigs D. Application of rigs 7、According to this passage, when did rotary rigs begin using air drilling? （C） A. in the early 1950s B. in the 1940s C. in the mid 1950s D. in the 1900s
8、Which sentence could be implied from this passage? （A） A. Rotary rigs are better than cable rigs. B. Rotary rigs are worse than cable rigs. C. Rotary rigs are as efficient as cable rigs. D. Rotary rigs are not as efficient as cable rigs.
9、What does \ （B） A. defined B. restricted C. lined D. strictural
10、According to this passage, which of the following sentences is true? （A） A. The later steam rigs were more efficient than the earliest mechanical or power rigs. B. The later steam rigs could trip the drillpipe but drill more slowly than a present-day rig. C. The later steam rigs were very small.
D. The steam rigs could not be replaced by power rigs.
PASSAGE THREE
Measurement while drilling(MWD) is the downhole measurement of important parameters and (in most cases) the simultaneous transmission of those measurements to the surface while drilling.
In the past, hole-making and formation evaluation processes have been accomplished with different technologies, separated in time. Drilling (holemaking) is a complicated technological process with many uncertainties. Ignorance of what is taking place downhole during this process has caused it to be viewed more as an art than as a science. The most important parameters controlling this process are the physical properties of the formation (and the pore fluid) being drilled, which are largely unknown at the time of drilling.
The big mistakes that involve the loss of well control (blowouts) are well known. The many \well known, but cost considerable time and money. The conventional (wireline) formation
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evaluation process, while very important to the geologist, the petrophysicist, and the reservoir engineer, is also very expensive in terms of rig time and trouble cost.
The first U. S patents and technical papers on MWD appeared in the early 1930's. The first practical approach that resulted in technical success was J. J. Arps' mud pulse system that made its debut in the 1950's. In the late 1960's, Exxon and Texaco experimented with downhole recording while drilling. The lack of high density electronics packaging, a suitable memory medium, and the ability to intensify the systems adequately made them unattractive for extensive use.
As a result of the efforts of SNEA (Elf Aquitaine) and Raymond Engineering, and with the financial assistance of the U. S. DOE, Teleco introduced the first commercial MWD system in 1978. At the current time, many companies are investing in this technology, while eight offer commercial services.
11、What does the passage mainly discuss? （D） A. The advantages of measurement while drilling B. The disadvantages of measurement while drilling C. Well control
D. The generation of measurement while drilling
12、According to this passage, which sentence among the following sentences is true? （B） A. Drilling is a simple technological process with no uncertainty.
B. Drilling is a complicated technological process with many uncertainties. C. Drilling is a complicated technological process with no uncertainty. D. Drilling is a simple technological process with many uncertainties.
13、Which of following words can replace \ （C） A. stubborn B. lessen C. consolidate D. add
14、Which company introduced the first commercial MWD system? （B） A. DOE B. Teleco C. SNEA D. Raymond Engineering
15、When did the first U. S patents and technical papers on MWD appear? （A） A. in the early 1930's B. in the early 1950's C. in the early 1960's D. in the late 1960's
PASSAGE FOUR
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During this century the petroleum industry has risen from being relatively small through the stage of being one of many large industries, to a position where whole economies are profoundly influenced by the need for and price of petroleum products. The origins of the industry lie in the product itself.
All over the world, at various depths beneath land and sea, there are accumulations of hydrocarbons formed long ago by decomposition of animal and vegetable remains. Hydrocarbons are compounds of hydrogen and carbon which, at normal temperatures and pressures, may be gaseous, liquid or solid according to the complexity of their molecules. The natural deposits are correspondingly gaseous, liquid or solid, depending on relative proportion of the various hydrocarbons present in mixture.
In its widest sense, petroleum embraces all hydrocarbons occurring in the earth. In its narrower, commercial sense, petroleum is usually restricted to the liquid deposits known as crude oil, the gassous ones being known as natural gas and the solid ones as bitumen or asphalt. Most crude oils, although liquid as such, contain gaseous and solid hydrocarbons in solution. The gases come out of solution, either on the release of pressure as the crude oil is produced or during the first stages of refining, and contribute to the total natural gas production. Some of the solids are recovered during refining as bitumen and wax, some stay in solution in the liquid oil products. Natural gas may be found associated with crude oil as a gas-cap above the oil or on its own, unassociated with oil.
Crude oil and natural gas are the raw materials of the petroleum industry. It is the business of the industry to find them, to retrieve them from the earth onshore and offshore, to manufacture useful products from them and to sell the products in the markets of the world. 16、The passage primarily discusses （A）
A. some problems related to the petroleum B. some problems concerned with the gas C. crude oil and natural gas D. hydrocarbon
17、The word \ （D） A. professionally B. foundationally C. profanely D. significantly
18、Which of the following would best illustrate hydrocarbons? （A） A. compounds of hydrogen and carbon, either gaseous, liquid or solid according to the complexity of their molecules at normal temperatures and pressures
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