from an oilfield to a railway station. Soon after it was installed it was broken up by wagon drivers. The longest oil pipeline today is in CanadA. It is 1,765 miles long, and its diameter is 30 in.in parts. Parts of the Kirkuk-Banias pipeline are 32 in.in diameter.
The first pipeline was made of lengths of iron pipes screwed together. In 1900 steel was used for making pipelines. As steel is stronger than iron, men were able to make pipelines with larger diameters. Later men welded the pieces of steel pipe together. This made the joints stronger.
81、In the past, main methods of transporting the oil are _______. （D） A. ship B. tanker C. railway D. ship and tanker
82、In the following, which one is not mentioned? （C） A. Kirkuk B. Banias C. Pairs D. Tripoli.
83、When wast he first oil pipeline installed? （A） A.1865 B. 1952 C. 1934 D. 1900
84、How long was the longest pipeline ? （C） A. 1860 B.1865 C.1765 D.2050
85、The first pipeline was made of lengths of ______ pipes. （B） A.steel B. iron C. plastics D. stone
PASSAGE EIGHTEEN
Water Drive
The greatest natural source of energy available to produce oil today traces its source back to the ancient seas in which the present –day rock formations were formed as sedimentary deposits, the same ancient seas in which present-day oil deposits originated as organic substances. This source of energy is the great quantity of salt water existing in the porous channels of rock associated with present—day oil deposits. One must visualize the rock layer occurring over a very large area, with the oil reservoir. Therefore, water occurs over a large area compared to the oil in the rock.
Although water is considered incompressible, the total compressed volume is quite large when such great quantities of total water volume are involved. Even the great volume of rock in which the water exists is influenced by water pressure. As oil produced, pressure declines at the point where oil is withdrawn from the reservoir. Water then moves in to replace the oil as is produced because of expansion of the minutely compressed water; a reservoir producing in this manner is termed a ―water drive reservoir‖. Many of the most important reservoir in the world are producing by energy supplied by water drives. Notable examples are the East Texas field; Leduc field, Alverta, Canada; Burgan field, Kuwait; Gela field, Sicily; and the Wafra field, Neutral Zone, ArabiA.
Water drive has an important difference from other types of reservoir drives—the degree to which reservoir pressure is maintained in a water drive reservoir depends upon the relation
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between rate of oil, gas and water production and rate at which the water can advance through the sands into the reservoir. At low rates of production, reservoir pressure remains nearly as high as the reservoir pressure is pulled down. When the rate is once again reduced, however, pressure will increase.
86、The greatest natural source of energy available to produce oil today traces its source back to __________. （A） A. the ancient seas B. the ancient lakes C. the ancient rivers D. the ancient streams 87、Although water is considered __________,the total compressed volume is quite large.（C） A. no pressure B. impassable C. not pressed D. impermeable
88、This source of energy is the great quantity ______existing in the porous channels of rock associated with present-day oil deposits. （A）
A. salt water B. bitter water C. sweet water D. mud water 89、In the following reservoirs which one is not producing by energy supplied by water drives.（D）
A. the East Texas field B. Burgan field C. Wafra field D. Yurgon field 90、When the rate is once again reduced. pressure will ________ . (B) A. be low B. increase C. reduce D .not change
PASSAGE NINETEEN
Distribution of Fluids
If oil, water and gas were placed in a bottle, the boundary between water and oil would be level; the boundary between oil and gas would be level, with the gas located on top the oil between and water below,. This distribution of the water ,oil and gas would be in the same order (water below ,oil between and gas above ). However, the contacts between the oil and water and the oil and gas would be quite different from the case where no sand was present the reason for this is that now the gas, oil and water exist in spaces that are capillary in size. Surface tension and density differences between the three fluids combine to alter the manner in which the fluids occur; the forces present between the fluids in the capillaries caused by these factors are called capillaries caused by these factors are called capillary forces.
In marine sediments, the preferential wetting phase is usually water. As oil moved into the sand, water was displaced but left a film along the sand grain surface separating the sand grain from the oil. At any point where the film became broken, contact between the sand grain surface and oil in the absence of water might have allow the sand at that point t become oilwet. In the waterwet oil reservoir, some water is held along the sand grain surfaces throughout the reservoir. Amount of water present in the pores varies from 100 percent at points below the oil zone of the reservoir to lower and lower percentages at points higher in the oil zone. This is caused by the decreasing radius of film between oil and water at higher height. The higher
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the water is pulled above he 100 percent water level, the greater the capillary film will be bent to suspend the water. As the radius of the bent film becomes smaller, or as the film bend increases due to greater capillary forces, the water fits farther back into the cracks and crevices between sand grains; because of the shape of grains; because of the shape of grains and film the quantity of water diminishes with reduction in radius of the film at greater heights. Of great importance is the transition zone of saturation of water and oil from a point of 100 percent water upward in the sand to some point above which water saturation is fairly constant. Theoretically, the amount of water will continue to diminish with height above the free water level; however, it has been found in practice that water saturation becomes fairly constant in uniform sands at points above the transition zone. Therefore, the term ―irreducible minimum water saturation‖ has sometimes been applied to the percent of water by volume occurring in pore spaces of reservoirs. This water is also referred to as ―connate‖ or ―interstitial‖ water.
91、For a given height above the free level, capillary will be ______ in two pores of different size. （A）
A. the same B. different C. nearly the same D. different sometimes
92、In general, ______the permeability of a given, _______ will be connate-water fraction within the sand. （C）
A.the higher … the lower B. the higher … the higher C. the lower … the higher D. the lower …the lower
93、―irreducible minimum water saturation‖ has _____ been applied to the percent of water.（B）
A. some time B. sometimes C. seldom D. occasionally
94、The nature and thickness of the transition zones between water and oil, oil and gas and water and gas are influenced by _____ factors. （A） A. five B. three C. two D. many
95、 If oil, water and gas were placed in a bottle ,from top to bottom, the order would be ________. （A） A. gas ,oil and water B. gas ,water and oil C. oil, gas and water D. water ,gas and oil
PASSAGE TWENTY
Torsional logthe impossible dream?
A brief mathematical analysis and some computed waveforms show the advantage of using torsional waves along a borehole to measure shear speed in the formation. These waves are excited by purely torsional loading applied directly to the borehole wall, with no source of excitation in the borehole fluid, and are therefore free of the borehole – mode excitations that complicate other forms of acoustic logging. The development of pad—type transducers to
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generate and detect torsional waves is recommended.
Because of the simplicity of the torsional signal when the rock around the hole is homogeneous, it should be possible to determine depth of invasion or degree of hole damage whenever these factors complicate the waveforms. For example, shear speed in undamaged shale is 1.4 km/s and in damaged shale is 1.1 km/s. Hole radius is 10 cm, and the shale is damaged to a radius of 20 cm. Onset times for the two waveforms at 25 cm and 50 cm yield a shear speed of 1.0 km/s, indicative of the damaged zone. Time difference between 150 cm and 200 cm yields a speed of 1.35 km/s.
Use of torsional waves for logging should be given a thorough mathematical analysis, and the practical problems of contacting the hole wall with pad—type transducers should be addressed. Shear speed is an important petrophysical parameter. This parameter is best measured with a tool that generates and detects shear waves only, uncluttered with compression waves in the borehole fluid and surrounding formation and free of the mode coupling effects associated with conventional dipole logging described by Schmitt. 96、We can conclude that ________. （C） A.the advantage of the torsional log is just so-so
B. the advantage of the torsional log remains to be settled. C. the advantage of the torsional log is considerable D.the advantage of the torsional log is nothing
97、In the first paragraph the word ―acoustic ‖means _____. （A） A. sound B. environs C. bad D. visible
98、Because the torsional signal is simple when the rock around the hole is homogeneous,______. （B）
A. we can use it to determine depth of invasion or degree of hole damage anytime
B. we infer that we can use it to determine depth of invasion or degree of hole damage anytime the factors complicate the waveforms
C. we have already used it to determine depth of invasion or degree of hole damage D. none of the above
99、If shear speed in undamaged shale is 1.4 km/s and in damaged shale is 1.1 km/s, hole radius is 10cm, and the shale is damaged to a radius of 20cm, onset times for the two waveforms at 25 cm and 50cm yield a shear speed for the 1.0km/s, _____. （C） A.the zone is enlarged
B.the shear speed has become larger
C.we can interpret that it is a sign of damaged zone D.none of the above
100、Shear speed is best measured with a tool that generates and detects shear waves only, compressible waves in the borehole fluid and surrounding formation should be ________ and without coupling effects. （B）
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A. disorderly B. orderly and neat C. complicated D. both a and
PASSAGE TWENTYONE
Crude Trunk Lines
From large central storage facilities oil is moved through large-diameter, long—distance trunk lines to refineries or to other storage terminals.
This network of crude lines comprises a wide variety of pipe sizes and capacities. Pumps are required at the beginning of the trunk line , and pumping stations must also be spaced along the pipe line to maintain pipe line pressure at the level required overcome friction, changes in elevation, and other losses.
Crude trunk lines operate at higher pressure than field-gathering systems and are also make of steel. Individual sections are joined by welding. These lines are in the United States at least, almost always buried below ground surface and are coated on the exterior to protect the steel pipe from corrosion.
Crude oil trunk lines serving the United States can be several hundred miles long. Control of such a system is a complex operation. Sophisticated monitoring and control systems have been developed to permit the pipe line operator to fulfill delivery commitment and avoid a malfunction of the system.
101、Oil is moved from storage facilities to ___________. （C） A. cities B. countryside C. refineries D. shops
102、Oil is moved to refineries through _________ trunk-lines. （D）
A. large-diameter B. short distance C. long distance D. both a and b 103、Pumping stations are needed to keep pressure to ________. （B） A. overcome oil moving B. overcome friction C. store oil D. check pipeline
104、Crude trunk lines are made of __________. （A） A. steel B. iron C. plastics D. aluminum
105、Control of crude oil trunk line is a complex operation. The word ―complex‖ means______. （D） A. difficult B. easy C. compound D. complicated
PASSAGE TWENTYTWO
Rehydration of Natural Gas
Natural gas is usually produced in oil fields at some distance from the point of domestic utilization, and so is necessarily compressed for transmission purposes. This compression, and incidental cooling at the compressor plant, considerably reduces the light—oil and water content, so that on subsequent expansion the gas is very under saturated with respect to both
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