marketing strict internal cost control, business and innovation performance. --Increasing electricity access, price increase, electricity supply is guaranteed. In 2012, the company with coal inventory, get rewards of Jiangsu provincial government power to 266 million kWh. Through the \ and bilateral trade, access to electricity 1.695 billion kWh, seeking removal compensation when the power 50 million-kilowatt, 116% market share in Jiangsu Province ranked first in the same capacity, the same type units. Company closely tracked coal linkage policies on July 1 and August 20 respectively increase prices 2.08 minutes and 2.5 points, profitability increased significantly. 公... Job grading, remuneration of labour agreements into long-term contract workers compensation system, stimulating the enthusiasm of the staff. --Further strengthening of human resources management. Full implementation of the performance appraisal regulations, incentive effect. Complete the reserve cadre evaluation and selection, produced 10 primary reserve cadres and 11 secondary reserve cadres. Implementation of operation staff induction gang system, 14 staff posts be promoted. Strengthening the cultivation of professional technical leaders, selected coverage 9 13 factory-level professional and technical leaders. To enhance staff skills training, 8 staff technicians. Labor contract law compliance, contracts of up to 100%. --Star team-building to advance further. Establish a \ng system implementation, and promoting the whole\-building goals, strengthen group management. Team building into a performance review, promoting the construction of the star team depth. This year, respectively, 1 track, 4 team four star rated five-star by Datang and the team. Four, insists on \construction of\ous development, really good job of party construction and the independent Commission against corruption, strengthening the humanistic care and psychological counseling, the enterprise culture construction to a new level. --Building of enterprise culture is fruitful. Companies adhere to the Shenhua lead of corporate culture, culture of responsibility at the core, to safety culture, a culture of learning, ethical culture, cost culture culture system-assisted, through various cultural integration, has boosted business centre, this year has won the \nese cultural management advanced unit\he building of enterprise culture of reform and opening up 30\bility of the company culture: solving management problems of corporate culture project was awarded the CEC national electric power enterprise culture achievement award of excellence. The accident early warning and prevention system was rated as China's power of innovation management, innovation management of electric power enterprise in Jiangsu Province. --Party and the independent Commission against corruption continues to strengthen. Was carried out to \恢复原状的贬值损失部分，则需要折价赔偿。
3.贬值损失的具体数额如何确定
贬值损失表现为事故车辆一种经济价值损失，其具体计算方式目前尚无统一标准，只能依赖于各种中立的价格评估机构，且不同价格评估机构做出的结果也会存在差异。我认为，法院可以依据中介机构做出的价格贬损鉴定结论，在自由裁量权内酌情确定。
综上所述，原告待售新车的实际损失包括两部分，一部分是因维修新车而产生的维修费用，另一部分则是待售新车尽管通过维修，但事故损耗导致其外观美感、使用寿命、安全性能以及车辆价值的一般社会评估等难以恢复到车辆发生事故前，造成车辆的实际经济价值贬值损失。被告不仅应赔偿原告的车辆维修费用，还应按照侵害行为发生时该类车辆的市场价格赔偿原告的车辆贬值损失，车辆贬损可以上虞市价格认证中心做出的价格鉴定为参照标准，由法院酌情予以考虑。
三、倘若案中受损车辆并非待售新车，而是八成新的汽车，发生交通事故后，是否存在贬值损失，是否应当赔偿呢？
车辆贬值损失是由于事故造成的车辆市场经济价值的贬损，这种损失不依赖车辆交易而独立存在。贬值损失以车辆为其物质载体，无论是八成新还是五成新的车辆，只要发生交通事故造成其性能上的损坏且无法恢复原状，就会发生贬值损失，只不过未交易车辆是由车主以隐性方式承担了质量瑕疵带来的客观损失。因此，我认为即使是八成新的汽车，发生交通事故后，也可能发生贬值损失，也应当进行赔偿。
李丹丹（中院研究室）
本案双方当事人争执的焦点是：车辆贬值损失是否应当赔偿。我国法律对此未作明确规定，理论界和实务界众说纷纭。对此问题，本人提出一些粗浅的见解。
一、车辆贬值损失的内涵
车辆贬值损失指车辆遭遇交通事故受到损毁，经过修复也很难完全回复到原有车辆的安全性、操控性、舒适性及使用寿命等方面的良好状态，从而丧失其部分价值的一种财产损害后果。车辆贬值损失的认定应严格把握，须综合考虑车辆新旧程度、受损部位关键程度、损害程度轻重、补救成本付出高低等因素。事故造成非发动机等关键部件损坏，经零件更换或修理完全可以恢复的，不应认定车辆存在贬值损失。车辆受损已严重影响安全驾驶，赔偿修理费明显不能填平车辆实际损失，且两者差距可以明显区分车辆因事故所致的减值与车辆正常状态下的贬值，方可考虑支持车辆贬值损失赔偿要求。
二、车辆贬值损失应当赔偿 第一，车辆贬值损失是客观存在的直接财产损失，属于侵权行为法上的损害。车辆受损经修复即便外观上达到了“恢复原状”的效果，但其动力性、安全性等内部功能性已达不到事故前的状态，会出现故障率升高、密封不好等问题，市场估价明显降低，虽然该部分价值的丧失不能即时外化为货币形式，但这一损失在交通事故发生后就客观存在，是车辆应有实际价值的减少，不因车辆是否出卖而改变。若认定出卖事故车辆产生贬值损失，不出卖不存在贬值损失，则不利于平等保护将事故车辆留有自用的车主的合法权益。
第二，支持车辆贬值损失赔偿有相应法律依据。《民法通则》第117条和《侵权责任法》第15条确立了损害全面赔偿原则，以受害人实际遭受的损失为准，车辆贬值损失作为交通事故造成的车主的直接财产损失，理应得到赔偿。只有如此，受损车辆才能不仅实现外观使用功能的修复，还能实现内在价值与性能的复原，真正达到“恢复原状”的目标。
ecurity, profit, maintain stability and promote harmonious development\content of the %uarantees\ce activities and \party spirit, to conduct, for example\party and further improvement of the level of work. Staff participating in the honest and clean culture construction seminars, staff's sense of probity and enhanced. Founded by honest inspectors team composed of 12 employees to broaden the channels of supervision. Adhere to establish \ship activities, staff satisfaction rate of 98% to the team. --Group work dynamic. Promoting the openness of factory Affairs, proposal for a love letter box, to the vital interests of the staff Trade Union delegation leader meeting of the 26 system to discuss and safeguard their democratic rights. Improve the organizational structure of the mission, the work of strengthening. Organize maintenance labor emulation and \Cup\on, enhance the skills of staff. Organized a variety of cultural activities, physical and mental health care staff, to create a harmonious atmosphere. During the Wenchuan earthquake, donated all the company employees, to love, to support the disaster areas. This year, the company has won the \n be controlled, money should not be wasted \osophy, management analysis, to improve management quality, improve cost control capacity and market competitiveness. Innovation of science and technology--science and technology innovation is to play the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, active use of new technologies, new materials, new processes, new equipment, increase investment in science and technology, strengthening scientific and technological training, speeding up transforming scientific and technological achievements, forming a number of proprietary technology, enhancing core competitiveness. Resource-saving-the-resources saving enterprise was to reduce coal consumption, water consumption, electricity at the core, enhance the operation of lean management to realize low consumption, high efficiency, reduce production costs. Second is to strengthen the business, financial, material, information and the optimization of organization and management, saving the internal transaction costs. Harmonious development of harmonious development--is to construct a \onment for development. \curity firm and internal management of the internal management measures are effective, harmonious\\prise coordinating development of homeopathy, well, get along with the neighbors better.\prises building intrinsic safety power company goals are: unplanned outage 0 times. Class of disorders 0, 0 is quivalent forced outage rate. No personal injury accident, material and equipment accidents do not occur, no fire, no environmental pollution accident. Enterprise integrated to achieve zero cases of violation, zero accidents, zero. Quality goal is: when generating capacity ≥ 7.5 marketing strict internal cost control, business and innovation performance. --Increasing electricity access, price increase, electricity supply is guaranteed. In 2012, the company with coal inventory, get rewards of Jiangsu provincial government power to 266 million kWh. Through the \bilateral trade, access to electricity 1.695 billion kWh, seeking removal compensation when the power 50 million-kilowatt, 116% market share in Jiangsu Province ranked first in the same capacity, the same type units. Company closely tracked coal linkage policies on July 1 and August 20 respectively increase prices 2.08 minutes and 2.5 points, profitability increased significantly. 公... Job grading, remuneration of labour agreements into long-term contract workers compensation system, stimulating the enthusiasm of the staff. --Further strengthening of human resources management. Full implementation of the performance appraisal regulations, incentive effect. Complete the reserve cadre evaluation and selection, produced 10 primary reserve cadres and 11 secondary reserve cadres. Implementation of operation staff induction gang system, 14 staff posts be promoted. Strengthening the cultivation of professional technical leaders, selected coverage 9 13 factory-level professional and technical leaders. To enhance staff skills training, 8 staff technicians. Labor contract law compliance, contracts of up to 100%. --Star team-building to advance further. Establish a \ng system implementation, and promoting the whole\ding goals, strengthen group management. Team building into a performance review, promoting the construction of the star team depth. This year, respectively, 1 track, 4 team four star rated five-star by Datang and the team. Four, insists on \construction of\ous development, really good job of party construction and the independent Commission against corruption, strengthening the humanistic care and psychological counseling, the enterprise culture construction to a new level. --Building of enterprise culture is fruitful. Companies adhere to the Shenhua lead of corporate culture, culture of responsibility at the core, to safety culture, a culture of learning, ethical culture, cost culture culture system-assisted, through various cultural integration, has boosted business centre, this year has won the \nese cultural management advanced unit\he building of enterprise culture of reform and opening up 30\The liability of the company culture: solving management problems of corporate culture project was awarded the CEC national electric power enterprise culture achievement award of excellence. The accident early warning and prevention system was rated as China's power of innovation management, innovation management of electric power enterprise in Jiangsu Province. --Party and the independent Commission against corruption continues to strengthen. Was carried out to \第三，车辆贬值损失具备量化的条件。虽然目前没有统一的国家标准对车辆损坏到何种程度才算贬值以及贬值数额的确定方法进行规定，但实践中存在对车辆贬值损失进行量化的可能。在受损车辆修复完结仍不能恢复原状这一特定时间基准点，由从事旧机动车鉴定估价的专门机构作出损失的鉴定结论。法官可以根据评估机构的资质、时间、方法、程序、依据等因素，决定是否采信鉴定结论。也可以在今后司法实践中设计一种定型化的赔偿方式，确定受损等级、赔偿比例、赔偿基数三个指标。根据车辆受损程度、功能丧失程度等指标来确定受损等级，再依照受损等级科学计算、合理确定赔偿比例，而赔偿基数则可参考车辆折旧之后的价值来确定。在确定受损等级之后，即可根据“车辆贬值损失=赔偿基数×赔偿比例”这个公式计算出贬值损失。
最后，支持车辆贬值损失赔偿能更好地实现案件法律效果和社会效果的统一。法官判决赔偿法无明文规定的车辆贬值损失，是在受害人权益保护与加害人行动自由之间所作的全面救济受害人损失的价值判断，真正彰显了“侵权损害全面赔偿”的法律精神，实现了良好的法律效果。同时，支持车辆贬值损失赔偿加重了赔偿义务人的责任，可以增强司机驾驶时的责任心，注意行车安全，预防和减少交通事故的发生。
傅海鑫（中院民一庭）
在点评之前，我想介绍这个案例的出处及相关的一些背景情况：这是一个真实的案例，是本人于2007年6月7日审结的二审案件，被收录于《中国审判案例要览2008年民事卷》，为何选择该案例进行讨论，是因为司法实践中，在汽车贬值损失应否支持的问题上尚存争议，各种观点均能自圆其说，是值得思辩的一个问题。虽然目前全国各地法院已经有支持车辆贬值损失赔偿请求的案例（分别散见于《人民司法》、《人民法院报》及网络等媒体），但仍有相当数量的法官相对保守，或对此持否定态度，或认为新车应赔、旧车不应赔。 所以今天的讨论是纯粹的理论或学术上的探讨，对具体审判实务并不构成指导性意见，我的发言也仅仅代表我个人意见，主要为了交流分析研究方法，互相借鉴学习。
听了大家的分析讨论，我觉得案例讨论的初衷已经有所实现，对这次讨论会我有四点基本感受：
一是“新”，形式新颖，这样的青年法官案例讨论会从未组织过，是法官审判业务学习在形式上的一种创新，让人耳目一新；另一个新是好多同志都是我们法院的新同事，新鲜出炉的研究生，给我们带来清新的学院气息，许多观点对我这样一个被大量案件折腾成为法律工匠的人来说，真是获益匪浅，唤起我一些理论的记忆与思考，开阔了眼界，拓展了思维的广度，这种大家交流思想观点而碰撞出的火花，我相信给在座讨论的人都会带去快乐与启迪的，所以本人很感谢研究室给我这么好的学习机会！
二是“深”，深度探讨，由于在座各位此前的认真准备，广为搜集资料，深入思考问题，让我们有幸将问题的讨论不断向深处挖掘，王红良同志首先论证了车辆贬值损失属财产直接损害，认为新车与旧车均可能发生此类损失，提出应当参照侵权行为地市场价格估算后纳入赔偿范围的观点；王瑜同志运用比较法的方法，收集了国内杨立新先生等正反两方面的讨论观点，将讨论引向深入，大胆提出了将汽车贬值参照人身受损的伤残评级的设想，并现实地提出了以影响车辆安全性、操控性的明显贬值为要件，综合考量双方过错及赔偿能力后酌情予以支持的观点；张帆同志则从损害赔偿之填补损害目的考量，将回复原状解读为并非绝对的原有状况，为此论证设定了车辆贬值损失赔偿的几个前置条件：主要结构或主要功能受损、权利人无过错或轻度过错、新车并有明确出售意思、损失经量化
ecurity, profit, maintain stability and promote harmonious development\content of the %uarantees\ce activities and \party spirit, to conduct, for example\party and further improvement of the level of work. Staff participating in the honest and clean culture construction seminars, staff's sense of probity and enhanced. Founded by honest inspectors team composed of 12 employees to broaden the channels of supervision. Adhere to establish \ship activities, staff satisfaction rate of 98% to the team. --Group work dynamic. Promoting the openness of factory Affairs, proposal for a love letter box, to the vital interests of the staff Trade Union delegation leader meeting of the 26 system to discuss and safeguard their democratic rights. Improve the organizational structure of the mission, the work of strengthening. Organize maintenance labor emulation and \Cup\on, enhance the skills of staff. Organized a variety of cultural activities, physical and mental health care staff, to create a harmonious atmosphere. During the Wenchuan earthquake, donated all the company employees, to love, to support the disaster areas. This year, the company has won the \n be controlled, money should not be wasted \osophy, management analysis, to improve management quality, improve cost control capacity and market competitiveness. Innovation of science and technology--science and technology innovation is to play the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, active use of new technologies, new materials, new processes, new equipment, increase investment in science and technology, strengthening scientific and technological training, speeding up transforming scientific and technological achievements, forming a number of proprietary technology, enhancing core competitivness. Resource-saving-the-resources saving enterprise was to reduce coal consumption, water consumption, electricity at the core, enhance the operation of lean management to realize low consumption, high efficiency, reduce production costs. Second is to strengthen the business, financial, material, information and the optimization of organization and management, saving the internal transaction costs. Harmonious development of harmonious development--is to construct a \onment for development. \curity firm and internal management of the internal management measures are effective, harmonious\\prise coordinating development of homeopathy, well, get along with the neighbors better.\prises building intrinsic safety power company goals are: unplanned outage 0 times. Class of disorders 0, 0 is equivalent forced outage rate. No personal injury accident, material and equipment accidents do not occur, no fire, no environmental pollution accident. Enterprise integrated to achieve zero cases of violation, zero accidents, zero. Quality goal is: when generating capacity ≥ 7.5marketing strict internal cost control, business and innovation performance. --Increasing electricity access, price increase, electricity supply is guaranteed. In 2012, the company with coal inventory, get rewards of Jiangsu provincial government power to 266 million kWh. Through the \ and bilateral trade, access to electricity 1.695 billion kWh, seeking removal compensation when the power 50 million-kilowatt, 116% market share in Jiangsu Province ranked first in the same capacity, the same type units. Company closely tracked coal linkage policies on July 1 and August 20 respectively increase prices 2.08 minutes and 2.5 points, profitability increased significantly. 公... Job grading, remuneration of labour agreements into long-term contract workers compensation system, stimulating the enthusiasm of the staff. --Further strengthening of human resources management. Full implementation of the performance appraisal regulations, incentive effect. Complete the reserve cadre evaluation and selection, produced 10 primary reserve cadres and 11 secondary reserve cadres. Implementation of operation staff induction gang system, 14 staff posts be promoted. Strengthening the cultivation of professional technical leaders, selected coverage 9 13 factory-level professional and technical leaders. To enhance staff skills training, 8 staff technicians. Labor contract law compliance, contracts of up to 100%. --Star team-building to advance further. Establish a \ng system implementation, and promoting the whole\-building goals, strengthen group management. Team building into a performance review, promoting the construction of the star team depth. This year, respectively, 1 track, 4 team four star rated five-star by Datang and the team. Four, insists on \construction of\ous development, really good job of party construction and the independent Commission against corruption, strengthening the humanistic care and psychological counseling, the enterprise culture construction to a new level. --Building of enterprise culture is fruitful. Companies adhere to the Shenhua lead of corporate culture, culture of responsibility at the core, to safety culture, a culture of learning, ethical culture, cost culture culture system-assisted, through various cultural integration, has boosted business centre, this year has won the \nese cultural management advanced unit\he building of enterprise culture of reform and opening up 30\bility of the company culture: solving management problems of corporate culture project was awarded the CEC national electric power enterprise culture achievement award of excellence. The accident early warning and prevention system was rated as China's power of innovation management, innovation management of electric power enterprise in Jiangsu Province. --Party and the independent Commission against corruption continues to strengthen. Was carried out to \评估。兰祥燕同志则论证并提出贬值损失是指不能恢复原状的包括外观及使用功能、安全性受损，不包括能够修理复原的情形，认为属于直接损失，应当赔偿，而且不应当以新车待售为条件。大家大胆发表自己的见解，均能自圆其说，对这个问题的讨论挖掘已经达到相当的深度。
三是“正”，大家无论观点上存在大大小小的分歧或争论，但思考方向正确，而且处理的结论都从“公正”、“公平”作为出发点，这是我个人最乐见的状态，我觉得各位具备了做法官最重要的一项素质“心正”，见不得“不公平”或“权利失衡”，这是很可贵的一项素质，有了这一基础，一个法官才会有责任感与使命感，无论调解还是判决，才不会机械、刻板适用法律，放任不平之事的出现，才能想方设法运用自己的聪明智慧解决司法实践中一个个的难题。大家的思考都从实际出发，为解决实践问题而思虑周详，把社会效果内化为考量因素，这确实是令人高兴的一个好现象，因为我们作为法官，在目前形势下必须得这样考虑问题，我相信各位的思维方式以后定能适应我们工作的社会环境。
四是“明”，所谓真理越辩越明，我相信这样的问题在我们这样的热烈讨论中，越来越明晰起来，我们可以把一些问题的边界初步设定。第一、车辆贬值损失应否赔偿问题：车辆贬值损失原则上应当认为属于直接损失，应当纳入赔偿范围。首先，根据我国《民法通则》规定，损坏财产应当恢复原状或折价赔偿，侵权赔偿的原则是赔偿或填补全部损失，车辆损害赔偿的范围应当是财产的整体内在价值。从政治经济学的角度分析，物或财产受价值规律支配，使用价值与价值集于一身，使用价值主要用于发挥效用、满足所有权人支配使用财产（物）的需求，而价值则主要在市场交换领域发挥作用、满足所有权人交换或买卖财产的需求，因为根据经济规律，价值在供求关系影响下直接决定了价格即交换价值，所以使用价值与价值均属财产利益不可或缺的要素，据此可以认为价值贬低属财产所有权人遭受的客观损失，对物或财产的损害赔偿应当包括价值与使用价值的全部损失，而不仅仅局限于使用价值的恢复。其次，新车与旧车似乎不应当成为赔与不赔的条件，否则，新旧的边际如何设定？开一天的新车赔，开一年的赔不赔呢？八成新与九成新的呢?再次，是否出售也不应成为赔偿的条件，价值的内在贬损虽然以交换而外化，但不能说这种贬值损失因为不出售而不存在吧！难道可以此为由对损失不予赔偿？显然违反了《民法通则》对财产损害全面赔偿的立法精神。第二、赔偿范围：根据大家的讨论，我觉得汽车贬值损失是否可以分为功能性贬值和心因性贬值，功能性贬值我个人觉得应当纳入赔偿范围，因为毕竟属于使用价值与价值的重合部分，理应获得赔偿以恢复原状。而心因性贬值则确实值得探讨，主要是因为汽车曾经出车祸引起人们对该车心理上的嫌弃，从而导致交换价值贬损，该部分性质的贬值是否应当获赔偿，我个人持保留意见，留待大家探讨吧。所以我认为贬值损失应当可以确定的是主体结构、功能性、安全性损害无法完全恢复的，经评估构成价值减损的部分，应获赔偿。由此我们看出本案中，讼争所涉车辆系待售的新车，上诉人作为经营者对车辆以出售为目的，该车被撞后，虽可通过修理基本恢复外表原貌，但其内在功能受到的损坏可能并未完全弥补，而且其美观程度、安全性能及驾驶性能的评价往往会受到负面影响，交易时其市场价格将因此有所下降，导致车辆实际经济价值贬损，而该项贬值损失也经过合法评估鉴定，事实依据充分，应纳入赔偿范围，侵权行为人及车主应承担赔偿责任。原审认定该部分贬值损失为可得利益的损失并由此驳回上诉人该赔偿诉请不当，应予纠正。
上述观点如与现行法律法规或上级法院指导意见相冲突，则司法实践中应按相关规定执行，纯作个人学理探讨吧！
ecurity, profit, maintain stability and promote harmonious development\content of the %uarantees\ce activities and \party spirit, to conduct, for example\party and further improvement of the level of work. Staff participating in the honest and clean culture construction seminars, staff's sense of probity and enhanced. Founded by honest inspectors team composed of 12 employees to broaden the channels of supervision. Adhere to establish \ship activities, staff satisfaction rate of 98% to the team. --Group work dynamic. Promoting the openness of factory Affairs, proposal for a love letter box, to the vital interests of the staff Trade Union delegation leader meeting of the 26 system to discuss and safeguard their democratic rights. Improve the organizational structure of the mission, the work of strengthening. Organize maintenance labor emulation and \Cup\on, enhance the skills of staff. Organized a variety of cultural activities, physical and mental health care staff, to create a harmonious atmosphere. During the Wenchuan earthquake, donated all the company employees, to love, to support the disaster areas. This year, the company has won the \n be controlled, money should not be wasted \osophy, management analysis, to improve management quality, improve cost control capacity and market competitiveness. Innovation of science and technology--science and technology innovation is to play the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, active use of new technologies, new materials, new processes, new equipment, increase investment in science and technology, strengthening scientific and technological training, speeding up transforming scientific and technological achievements, forming a number of proprietary technology, enhancing core competitiveness. Resource-saving-the-resources saving enterprise was to reduce coal consumption, water consumption, electricity at the core, enhance the operation of lean management to realize low consumption, high efficiency, reduce production costs. Second is to strengthen the business, financial, material, information and the optimization of organization and management, saving the internal transaction costs. Harmonious development of harmonious development--is to construct a \onment for development. \curity firm and internal management of the internal management measures are effective, harmonious\\prise coordinating development of homeopathy, well, get along with the neighbors better.\prises building intrinsic safety power company goals are: unplanned outage 0 times. Class of disorders 0, 0 is quivalent forced outage rate. No personal injury accident, material and equipment accidents do not occur, no fire, no environmental pollution accident. Enterprise integrated to achieve zero cases of violation, zero accidents, zero. Quality goal is: when generating capacity ≥ 7.5 marketing strict internal cost control, business and innovation performance. --Increasing electricity access, price increase, electricity supply is guaranteed. In 2012, the company with coal inventory, get rewards of Jiangsu provincial government power to 266 million kWh. Through the \bilateral trade, access to electricity 1.695 billion kWh, seeking removal compensation when the power 50 million-kilowatt, 116% market share in Jiangsu Province ranked first in the same capacity, the same type units. Company closely tracked coal linkage policies on July 1 and August 20 respectively increase prices 2.08 minutes and 2.5 points, profitability increased significantly. 公... Job grading, remuneration of labour agreements into long-term contract workers compensation system, stimulating the enthusiasm of the staff. --Further strengthening of human resources management. Full implementation of the performance appraisal regulations, incentive effect. Complete the reserve cadre evaluation and selection, produced 10 primary reserve cadres and 11 secondary reserve cadres. Implementation of operation staff induction gang system, 14 staff posts be promoted. Strengthening the cultivation of professional technical leaders, selected coverage 9 13 factory-level professional and technical leaders. To enhance staff skills training, 8 staff technicians. Labor contract law compliance, contracts of up to 100%. --Star team-building to advance further. Establish a \ng system implementation, and promoting the whole\ding goals, strengthen group management. Team building into a performance review, promoting the construction of the star team depth. This year, respectively, 1 track, 4 team four star rated five-star by Datang and the team. Four, insists on \construction of\ous development, really good job of party construction and the independent Commission against corruption, strengthening the humanistic care and psychological counseling, the enterprise culture construction to a new level. --Building of enterprise culture is fruitful. Companies adhere to the Shenhua lead of corporate culture, culture of responsibility at the core, to safety culture, a culture of learning, ethical culture, cost culture culture system-assisted, through various cultural integration, has boosted business centre, this year has won the \nese cultural management advanced unit\he building of enterprise culture of reform and opening up 30\The liability of the company culture: solving management problems of corporate culture project was awarded the CEC national electric power enterprise culture achievement award of excellence. The accident early warning and prevention system was rated as China's power of innovation management, innovation management of electric power enterprise in Jiangsu Province. --Party and the independent Commission against corruption continues to strengthen. Was carried out to \
关于完善法院邮政专递送达制度之思考
ecurity, profit, maintain stability and promote harmonious development\content of the %uarantees\ce activities and \party spirit, to conduct, for example\party and further improvement of the level of work. Staff participating in the honest and clean culture construction seminars, staff's sense of probity and enhanced. Founded by honest inspectors team composed of 12 employees to broaden the channels of supervision. Adhere to establish \ship activities, staff satisfaction rate of 98% to the team. --Group work dynamic. Promoting the openness of factory Affairs, proposal for a love letter box, to the vital interests of the staff Trade Union delegation leader meeting of the 26 system to discuss and safeguard their democratic rights. Improve the organizational structure of the mission, the work of strengthening. Organize maintenance labor emulation and \Cup\on, enhance the skills of staff. Organized a variety of cultural activities, physical and mental health care staff, to create a harmonious atmosphere. During the Wenchuan earthquake, donated all the company employees, to love, to support the disaster areas. This year, the company has won the \n be controlled, money should not be wasted \osophy, management analysis, to improve management quality, improve cost control capacity and market competitiveness. Innovation of science and technology--science and technology innovation is to play the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, active use of new technologies, new materials, new processes, new equipment, increase investment in science and technology, strengthening scientific and technological training, speeding up transforming scientific and technological achievements, forming a number of proprietary technology, enhancing core competitivness. Resource-saving-the-resources saving enterprise was to reduce coal consumption, water consumption, electricity at the core, enhance the operation of lean management to realize low consumption, high efficiency, reduce production costs. Second is to strengthen the business, financial, material, information and the optimization of organization and management, saving the internal transaction costs. Harmonious development of harmonious development--is to construct a \onment for development. \curity firm and internal management of the internal management measures are effective, harmonious\\prise coordinating development of homeopathy, well, get along with the neighbors better.\prises building intrinsic safety power company goals are: unplanned outage 0 times. Class of disorders 0, 0 is equivalent forced outage rate. No personal injury accident, material and equipment accidents do not occur, no fire, no environmental pollution accident. Enterprise integrated to achieve zero cases of violation, zero accidents, zero. Quality goal is: when generating capacity ≥ 7.5marketing strict internal cost control, business and innovation performance. --Increasing electricity access, price increase, electricity supply is guaranteed. In 2012, the company with coal inventory, get rewards of Jiangsu provincial government power to 266 million kWh. Through the \ and bilateral trade, access to electricity 1.695 billion kWh, seeking removal compensation when the power 50 million-kilowatt, 116% market share in Jiangsu Province ranked first in the same capacity, the same type units. Company closely tracked coal linkage policies on July 1 and August 20 respectively increase prices 2.08 minutes and 2.5 points, profitability increased significantly. 公... Job grading, remuneration of labour agreements into long-term contract workers compensation system, stimulating the enthusiasm of the staff. --Further strengthening of human resources management. Full implementation of the performance appraisal regulations, incentive effect. Complete the reserve cadre evaluation and selection, produced 10 primary reserve cadres and 11 secondary reserve cadres. Implementation of operation staff induction gang system, 14 staff posts be promoted. Strengthening the cultivation of professional technical leaders, selected coverage 9 13 factory-level professional and technical leaders. To enhance staff skills training, 8 staff technicians. Labor contract law compliance, contracts of up to 100%. --Star team-building to advance further. Establish a \ng system implementation, and promoting the whole\-building goals, strengthen group management. Team building into a performance review, promoting the construction of the star team depth. This year, respectively, 1 track, 4 team four star rated five-star by Datang and the team. Four, insists on \construction of\ous development, really good job of party construction and the independent Commission against corruption, strengthening the humanistic care and psychological counseling, the enterprise culture construction to a new level. --Building of enterprise culture is fruitful. Companies adhere to the Shenhua lead of corporate culture, culture of responsibility at the core, to safety culture, a culture of learning, ethical culture, cost culture culture system-assisted, through various cultural integration, has boosted business centre, this year has won the \nese cultural management advanced unit\he building of enterprise culture of reform and opening up 30\bility of the company culture: solving management problems of corporate culture project was awarded the CEC national electric power enterprise culture achievement award of excellence. The accident early warning and prevention system was rated as China's power of innovation management, innovation management of electric power enterprise in Jiangsu Province. --Party and the independent Commission against corruption continues to strengthen. Was carried out to \文/张迪忠 徐力英
最高人民法院《关于以法院专递方式邮寄送达民事诉讼文书的若干规定》（以
下简称《专递送达规定》）自2005年1月1日施行以来，法院以专递方式开展的邮寄送达凭借其专业、准确、迅速、中立等四大优势，已日渐成为当前人民法院送达民事诉讼文书的一种主要形式，但由于多方面的原因，当前邮政专递送达仍然存在无效送达过多、邮资浪费严重、送达效力过软等诸多问题。现笔者拟就如何完善当前法院邮政专递送达制度略陈管见，以期抛砖引玉。
一、问题——送而未达
当前民事诉讼中法律文书送达中，由于司法资源紧缺、交通拥挤、人员流动频繁、诉讼诚信原则缺失等因素，采用直接送达和留置送达的方式越来越少，委托送达和公告送达也是不得已而为之，转交送达形同虚设，法院邮政专递送达成为当前较为普遍适用的主要方式。但在当前的法院邮政专递送达中，无效送达占相当大的比例（以笔者所在法院为例，2008年受理案件14124件，通过专递邮寄送达12000余次，花去邮费近20万元，因各种原因未能有效送达的有3000余次，占25％）。而邮政专递以邮寄的次数及路程远近作为计算邮费的标准，不论是否有效送达，一旦寄出即收取相应的邮费，导致邮政专递费用浪费严重。当前法院邮政专递送达中的主要问题是发送了但没有到达或不能算到达，即送而未达。具体表现为以下几种类型：
1.送达地址不准确而被退回
在送而未达的部分邮件中，有些是受送达人的送达地址不准确或不完整，有些是受送达人故意否认而躲避送达，也有些是原告为了达到阻碍被告出庭的非法目的，故意隐瞒被告的真实送达地址或向人民法院提供虚假地址，①上述种种均导致邮件以“原址查无此人”或“送达地址不详”的理由被退回。
2.送达地址变化而被退回
在送而未达的邮件中还有部分是因流动人口临时居住地更换，搬迁地址不详或者是企业搬迁，导致邮件以“迁移新址不明”或“搬迁地址不详”的理由被退回。但至于是否确实属于已经搬迁等事实，邮政部门是否核实及如何核实就不得而知，更无法知道搬迁至何地。
3.当事人拒绝签收或怠于领取而被退回
还有部分不能算有效送达的邮件是由于多次投递但受送达人不在送达场所，张贴催领单仍逾期未领或者直接拒绝签收，导致以“多次投递未领”或“拒绝签收”的理由被退回。
4.企业关门倒闭无人签收而被退回
还有部分无法送达的邮件是由于受送达企业因关门停业，经多次投递后仍无人签收而被退回。但邮政送达人员是否进行过核实及如何核实不清楚，也无相关基层组织的证明。
5.当事人下落不明而被退回
还有一部分邮件是由于受送达人长期外出或下落不明而被退回。但对于受送达人外出的下落地址邮政送达人员既不关心，也无义务核实，同时也无权要求邻居或当地基层组织协助出具证明。
6.他人代收但未注明代收人身份
ecurity, profit, maintain stability and promote harmonious development\content of the %uarantees\ce activities and \party spirit, to conduct, for example\party and further improvement of the level of work. Staff participating in the honest and clean culture construction seminars, staff's sense of probity and enhanced. Founded by honest inspectors team composed of 12 employees to broaden the channels of supervision. Adhere to establish \ship activities, staff satisfaction rate of 98% to the team. --Group work dynamic. Promoting the openness of factory Affairs, proposal for a love letter box, to the vital interests of the staff Trade Union delegation leader meeting of the 26 system to discuss and safeguard their democratic rights. Improve the organizational structure of the mission, the work of strengthening. Organize maintenance labor emulation and \Cup\on, enhance the skills of staff. Organized a variety of cultural activities, physical and mental health care staff, to create a harmonious atmosphere. During the Wenchuan earthquake, donated all the company employees, to love, to support the disaster areas. This year, the company has won the \n be controlled, money should not be wasted \osophy, management analysis, to improve management quality, improve cost control capacity and market competitiveness. Innovation of science and technology--science and technology innovation is to play the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, active use of new technologies, new materials, new processes, new equipment, increase investment in science and technology, strengthening scientific and technological training, speeding up transforming scientific and technological achievements, forming a number of proprietary technology, enhancing core competitiveness. Resource-saving-the-resources saving enterprise was to reduce coal consumption, water consumption, electricity at the core, enhance the operation of lean management to realize low consumption, high efficiency, reduce production costs. Second is to strengthen the business, financial, material, information and the optimization of organization and management, saving the internal transaction costs. Harmonious development of harmonious development--is to construct a \onment for development. \curity firm and internal management of the internal management measures are effective, harmonious\\prise coordinating development of homeopathy, well, get along with the neighbors better.\prises building intrinsic safety power company goals are: unplanned outage 0 times. Class of disorders 0, 0 is quivalent forced outage rate. No personal injury accident, material and equipment accidents do not occur, no fire, no environmental pollution accident. Enterprise integrated to achieve zero cases of violation, zero accidents, zero. Quality goal is: when generating capacity ≥ 7.5