An idea occurred to him that he might do the experiment in another way. Word came that our Chinese women team had beaten Japanese. The fact remains that there is no filling station here. ②当本位语被后置定语修饰时，同位语从句被后置定语分割。 主句 后置定语 同位语从句 I hear the news on the radio yesterday that a typhoon was coming. It’s my personal opinion about health care that we have too many health plans but not enough doctors. 7）当本位语是advice, proposal, request, suggestion等祈使对方怎样做之类的 动作名词时，同位语从句的谓语要用虚拟语气。例如： 主语（本位语） 同位语从句 谓语 was accepted is reasonable is rejected. The proposal that the meeting be held soon The advice that she wait till next week The request that the problem should be discussed
3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
1） 从意义上看，同位语从句是名词性从句，是对一个名词加以补充说明，而定语从句是形容词性的，是对一个名词加以修饰和限定。
The fact that she has done her bestis known to all.（同位语从句） It is a fact that you can’t deny.（定语从句）
2） 从结构看，同位语从句常由连接词that引导，虽在从句中不充当任何成分， 但不可省略。而定语从句中由关系代词引导，代替先行词，并在从句中充当成分（主语或宾语），充当宾语时常可省略。例如：
The news that our team has won the game is really encouraging.（问位语从句） The news (that) he told meis really encouraging.（定语从句）
4. 宾语从句及形式宾语
1）连接词that, if, whether引导宾语从句（that有时可省略） 主句 宾语从句 He told me once again (that) the situation is serious. I don’t think he will come tomorrow. I asked her whether/if she had any rooms to let. 说明：引导宾语从句的连接词出扯以下情况不能省略。 ?在动词agree, argue, assure, hold, indicate, maintain, inform, object, suggest 等后接宾语从句时,that通常不省略。例如： The scientist held that the drug was dangerous. They maintain that rules about dress are a limitation of personal freedom. He objected that it was impossible. ?连接两个并列的宾语从句时，连接第二个宾语从句的that不可省略。例如： He said he couldn’t tell you right away and that you wouldn’t understand. I know you aren’t a doctor and that you want your son to become a doctor. 2）疑问代词who, whose, what, which等引导宾语从句并在从句中作主语、宾 语、表语或定语。
主句 Do you know I asked him He is explaining I don’t know 宾语从句 who that girl’s father is? （who作表语） whose bag was stolen. （whose 作定语） what causes the change of seasons. （what 作主语） which he likes best. （ which 作宾语） 说明:①疑问代词what引导表示间接疑问的名词性从句，有“什么”的含义。 Ask not what your country can do for you — ask what you can do for your country. ②what可以修饰名词，引导疑问从句，起形容词作用，意为“什么?”。 j He didn’t know what book he should read. She asked me what clothes she should wear. ③what可以修饰名词，引导感叹从句，起形容词作用，意为“多么?”。 I knew what a good present he had given me.我知道他送给我的礼物多好。 I see what a good heart you have.我看得出你有一颗多么善良的心。 3）疑问副词when, where, how, why等引导宾语从句。 主句 Can you tell me She was curious to know I really don’t know Tell me 宾语从句 when he will come back? where we had been. how he did it. why you didn’t come to the meeting yesterday. 说明:疑问副词when连接宾语从句时，意为“何时;在何种情况下”，后接的句子不能用一般 现在时表示将来。 4）宾语从句作介词的宾语
介词后接由whether, what, why, when, where, how等连接词引导的宾语从句。 主句 Success or failure of the plan depends Please talk more Mary wrote an article He usually goes to work by bike We can see the Shanghai Tower I was so impressed 介词+宾语从句 on whether you are for it or against it. about what you can do to help. on why they had failed to win the game. except when it rains. from where we live. by how selfless she was. 说明?介词后不接that引导的从句，但可接the fact that接从句作宾语。 He was responsible for the fact that his dog had bitten his neighbor. He refused to help me despite the fact that I asked him several times. ?复合关系代词what引导描述事物的名词性从句中，what = the thing that,常可译为?的 （东西/地方/状态等）。 He felt a glow of pride in what she had accomplished. A modem city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago. ?在in that, except that, but that后接从句，不应看成介词后跟that从句，应把它们看成一 个复合连词，在其后接从句。 5）形式宾语it的正确使用 ①谓语动词 consider，find, make, regard, see, take，think 等后接“宾语（通常由that从句/不定式/动名词构成）+宾语补足语”时，常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后。that从句作宾语时，that不能省略。
it 宾语补足语 主语+谓语 宾语（that从句/不定式/动名词） She has made it We consider it I find it clear our business exciting that she has nothing to do with him. to settle the matter. working here. ②不能用it作形式宾语的情况。 .
若句中的宾语不是“that从句、不定式”或“动名词”，而是一个较长的名词短语，且有时还带有一个很长的定语修饰时，为了让句子保持平衡，可将宾语补足语前置，但不能用it作形式宾语。例如： 主语+谓语 The reduced cost made They made 宾补 possible clear 宾语 the world-wide use of penicillin in treating many infections. their belief that we can only experience true success and happiness by making character the guideline of our lives. 由于降低了成本，全世界就可以用青霉素治疗很多传染病了。 他们清楚地表明：只有让品德成为我们生活的指南，才能体验真正的成功与幸福。 下列动词常可以直接接某些形容词作宾语补足语，然后接名词短语或由较长定语修饰的名 词作宾语:make clear, make possible, make sure, make certain, make public, make good, set free, cut open, cut short, lay bare, keep alive 等。
5. 如何将直接引语转换成间接引语
1）人称的变化：人称的变化遵循“一主、二宾、三不变”。
—随主 : 直接引语中的第一人称在间接引语中按主句中的主语变。
I said to her, “I will stand firm. “ => I said to her that I would stand firm. He said, “I’m very glad. “ => He said that he was very glad.
二随宾: ①直接引语的第二人称在间接引语中按主句中的宾语变。
He asked me, “When do you want to leave?”=> He asked me when I wanted to leave. I said to her, “You must come early. “ => I said to her that she must come early.
②若主句中无宾语，应根据语境判断其说话对象进行改变。
He said, “You can set to work now. ” => He said (to me) that I could set to work then. He said (to her) that she could set to work then.=>He said (to us) that we could set to work then.
第三人称不更新: 直接引语中的第三人称在间接引语中不用改变。
I told him, “She is able to do this. “ => I told him that she was able to do that. You said to me, “He doesn’t live here. “ => You said to me that he didn’t live there. ●引语中所有与人称有关的词均可按“一主、二宾、三不变”处理。
He said to me, “She will call on you at your office with her brother tomorrow.” =>He told me that she would call on me at my office with her brother the next day. You said to them, ”My father will visit you tomorrow. “
=>You told them that your father would visit them the next day. 2）语序的变化：间接引语一律用陈述句语序，有以下4种情况。 ①直接引语为陈述句:改为以that 引导的宾语从句。
He said,\ => He said (that) he was very glad. ②直接引语为一般疑问句：改为whether/if弓|导的宾语从句。
He asked, \
=> He asked me whether I was very busy those days.
③直接引语为特殊疑问句：改由where,when, what, why, how, how, many等疑问词引导的宾语从句。
He said\=>He asked me when I wanted to leave. He asked,\=>He asked me what I had done.
④直接引语为祈使句:常用下列引述动词，并改为如下结构： 主语+ask/tell/order+宾语+不定式+to do sth. 主语+advise/warn+宾语+不定式+not to do sth.
\
\\3）时态的变化
引述动词（say, tell, ask）为过去时的变化规则：
现在时→过去时； 过去时→过去完成时； 将来时→过去将来时； 现在进行时→过去进行时； 现在完成时过→去完成时； 现在完成进行时→过去完成进行时; 情态动词现在式→情态动词过去式?以此类推。 直接引语→间接引语
She said,\ → She said that she did all the work. She said,\ → She said that she had done all the work. She said,\’ll do all the work.\→ She said that she would do all the work.
She said,\’m doing all the work.\→ She said that she was doing all the work. She said,\’ve done all the work.\→ She said that she had done all the work. She said,\’ve been doing it.\ → She said that she had been doing it. She said,\→ She said that she could do all the work. 直接引语中陈述的是真理之类的现在时,转换时仍用现在时。 He said,\
He told me that the earth moves round the sun.
4）时间状语、地点状语、指示代词和某些动词的变化规则。 在直接引语中 now现在 today今天 tonight 今晚 yesterday 昨天 tomorrow 明天 last week/month上周/上个月 next week/year 下周/ 明年 in two days再过两天 here这儿 this 这 these这些 come 来 在间接引语中 then那时 that day那天 that night那天晚上 the day before 前一天 the next/following day 第二天 the week/ month before 前一周 / 前个月 the week/year after 下下周/后年 two days later/after two days 两天之后 there那儿 that 那 those那些 go去 three days ago三天前（现在算起） three days before三天前（过去算起） bring带来 take带走 He said, \→ He said that he had gone to Beijing the week before.
He asked,\
→ He asked me whether I would go the next day.
He asked, “Have you finished reading this book.” → He asked me if I had finished reading that book.
6. whether与if的用法
①在主语从句中 ②在表语从句中 ③在同位语从句中 ④在介词之后
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided.
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether they have won the match is unknown. It all depends (on) whether they will support us. I'm not interested in whether they'll go or not.
⑤用于这一句型中：名词 + as to + whether
There is some question as to whether the public should be told about the accident. ⑥后接不定式时 He hasn't decided whether to stay or not.
⑦后面紧接or not时 We didn't know whether or not she was ready. ⑧在advise, consider, discuss后接从句时
You should consider whether the book is worth buying. We are discussing whether we'll have a party next week.
⑨用if会引起歧义，用 whether就可以避免
Please let me know if you like it. 请告诉我你是否喜欢。/如果你喜欢，请告诉我。
2) whether或if均可表示\是否\的情况如下。 ①引导宾语从句 I wonder whether/if the news is true or not. ②\形容词\之后 He was not sure whether/if it is right or wrong. ③it作形式主语代替其引导的主语从句时
It hasn't been decided whether/if we shall attend the meeting.
3) doubt\怀疑\后接宾语从句时whether, if, that的用法。
①主句为肯定句，doubt后接whether或if，表示\怀疑\。(不用that)
I doubt whether/if he will come soon.我怀疑他是否马上就会来。
②主句为肯定句，doubt后接that, 其含义为\认为未必可能\。( ?可省略that)
I doubt that he will come on time.我认为他未必能够准时 到达。 I doubt that he will succeed.我看他未必能成功。
③主句为否定句或疑问句，doubt 后必须用that。 (不能省略that)
I do not (never) doubt that he will come soon.我相信他很快会来。 Do you doubt that he will come?你怀疑他会来吗？
（二）定语从句
在复合句中起定语作用修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词 或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that 等;关系副词有where,