I never go past my old school but I think of my headmaster.
I never go past my old school that I don’t think of my headmaster. 每次走过学校我总会想起我的校长。
17. 准关系代词than的用法
1) than引导限制性定语从句，这时的than既有关系代词的作用，又具有连词的性质，在从句中作主语。
2) 先行词为单一概念时，谓语动词通常采用单数形式。 3) 从句中动词的时态与主句的时态应保持一致或互相呼应 主句 Don’t give him more money He did more That morning I drank more coffee There were more casualties The result is better than引导的定语从句 than is necessary. than was required of him. than had been my custom. than was reported than could be expected. 说明：① 在解释这类句子时，可看作than后省略了it。但在实际应用中，than后从来不补上 “it”，这是因为than可兼作关系代词，在从句中作主语。主句中找不到明确的先行词时， than所指代的是整个主句。
② than用作连词，引导状语从句，构成缩略比较状语的形式“than +过去分词”(than后省略了形式主语it和动词be及充当真实主语的动词不定式)。
They came earlier than expected ( = than it was expected for them to come). The rain is heavier than predicted( = than it was predicted for the rain to be). ③ 请看下列常见的“than + 过去分词”结构：than allowed, than expected, than imagined, than measured, than planned, than predicted
18. 复合关系代词what的用法
1) 何为复合关系代词
在用于描述事物的名词性从句中，what没有疑问含义，是个由名词和关系代词组成的复合词，即兼做先行词的关系代词，引导名词性从句。what既可用于指人，也可用于指物。指人时，what = the person that;指物时，what = the thing(s) which。例如：
Thank you for the gift. This is exactly what I wanted. I like Jack. He never pretends to be what he isn’t. 从以上例句可以看出，what的含义已包括了先行词。
因此不说：This is the book what I want. (×)
应这样说：This is the book that I want. /This is what I want. (√) 2) what在其引导的从句中的作用 起名词作用，意为“所?的(东西)”，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。 what的语法功能 例句 在从句中作主语 What surprised me most was his way of speaking. 在从句中作宾语 We can learn what we did not know. 在从句中作表语 Is the city different from what it was ten years ago? 3) what本身在句中的几个特殊的含义 ① what起名词作用，意为“全部的东西”。
He drinks what is left in his glass as if it were water.
他把杯子里剩下 的东西当水一样全喝了下去。 ② what起名词作用，意为“全部的东西”。
He moved carefully over what remained of partition walls.他小心翼翼 地跨过残余的隔墙。 ③ what起形容词作用， 修饰名词，意为“仅有的；全部的”
Don’t worry. I will give you what help(= any help that 或 as much help as) I can. 别担心，我一定尽我所能帮你。
I gave him what money I had with me. 我把身边所有的钱都给了他。
说明:起形容词作用作定语时，what常与few, little连用修饰名词，意为“尽管不多，但已是 全部”。例如：
I will lend you what few reference books (=all the few reference books that) I can spare. 我愿意把我仅有的几本能出借的参考书全部借给你。
We contributed what little money (=all the little money that) we had towards the earthquake- stricken area.
我们把仅有的一点钱全部捐献给地震灾区。
What little he said on the subject was full of wisdom. 他对这问题的寥寥数语充满了智慧。 4) what引导的名词性从句在句中的作用
what引导的名词性从句可以作主语、表语、宾语、介词宾语或宾语补足语。在此类名词性从句中,what没有疑问意义，可译为“所?的”： ①what引导的从句作主语 谓语 What I want is a quiet room away from the noise of traffic. What strikes me most is that he is so loyal to his boss. 忠诚的
②主语+动词be what引导的从句作表语 Things are not what they seem. What matters now is what he will do next.
③主句 what引导的从句作宾语 Why don’t you tell the police what you told me yesterday? Never put off till tomorrow what can be done today. ④主句 what引导的从句作介词宾语 Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. He gave me a practical illustration of what was to be done. ⑤主句 what引导的从句作宾语补足语 What has made China what she is today? You can call me what you like. 说明：介词后常可接由what引导的嵌入式名词性从句，即what引导的名词性从句中嵌入一个主谓结构（通常为“he thought,we know”）。例如：
The shopkeeper did not want to sell for what he thought was not enough. In 2007, a Russian hunter came across what he thought was the body of a reindeer (驯鹿) sticking out of the snow.
4) what用于一个表示比喻的特殊结构
A is to B what C is to D 意为： “A对于B犹如C对于D —样”, （A、B是主体，C、D
是喻体）
Parks are to the city what lungs are to the body. 公园对于都市犹如肺对于人的身体一样。 Virtue is to the soul what health is to the body. 美德对于心灵犹如健康对于身体。 6) what组成的常用短语
and what not其他;.等等 Guess what!告诉你一个消息！ What if?？如果?怎么办? What of it?那又怎么样？ know what’s what内行;有判断力
19. 复合关系代词 whoever, whichever, whatever 的用法 引导名词性从句 whoever = anybody who whichever = any that whatever = anything that 引导让步状语从句 whoever = no matter who whichever = no matter which whatever = no matter what 1）具有名词功能的用法
whoever “任何人”，用于泛指，常作主语, whomever常作宾语 whichever “无论哪个”，指多个可能性中正确的或特指的一个 whatever “无论什么”，用于泛指
这些词具有名词功能，引导的名词性从句作主语、宾语或介词宾语，它们本身在从句中作主语或宾语。例如：
复合关系代词引导的从句作主语 谓语及其他 Whoever wants the book may have it. Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize.
主语+谓语 复合关系代词引导的从句作宾语 We will do whatever is needed to improve our English. We will do whatever we can to achieve real happiness. Here are two books. You may choose whichever you like. 主语+谓语 复合关系代词引导从句作介词宾语 Please give the book to whoever wants it in our class. You can give the ticket to whomever you meet first. 2）具有形容词功能的用法
whatever意为“不管什么样的；仅有的，全部的” whichever意为“不管哪（个）”
它们兼有形容词功能修饰名词构成短语，引导名词性从句作主语或宾语。构成的短语在从句中作主语或宾语。例如: 复合关系代词引导的从句作主语 谓语及其他 Whatever requests you make will be granted. 你的任何请求都会获得许可。 Whatever dictionary you may have will be helpful to you. 不管用什么词典都会对你有所帮助。 Whatever water was left was used for the children. 省下的水全都用于孩子们。.
主语+谓语 复合关系代词引导的从句作宾语 I used whatever tools were available. 所有手头的工具我都用上了。 She applied whatever strength she had left to the task. 她把所有的精力都用在完成任务上。 I’ll take whichever book you don’t want. 无论哪本书，你不想要我就把它拿走。 3) whoever, whichever, whatever有副词功能，引导让步状语从句。 复合关系代词引导让步状语从句 主句 Whoever you are, you must obey the law. Whichever you buy, there is a two-year guarantee. Whatever you may think, I’m going ahead with my plans.
20. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句 ● 限制性定语从句是对先行词的限制或区分，是句中不可缺少的部分。 was sold out. 你在寻找的那本书已经卖完了。 非限制性定语从句 ● 非限制性定语从句是对先行词加以描述或补充说明，删除后不影响句子表达。 ago, have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我3年前栽的，还没有结过果实。 The book (that/which) you were looking for These apple trees, which I planted three years ● 主句和从句不能用逗号分开。 ● 主句和从句必须用逗号分开。 My daughter who studies at the university rang My daughter, who studies at the university, me yesterday. 我的那个在大学学习 的女儿昨天给我打了个电话。 ● 关系代词作宾语时常被省去。whom 作宾语时可用who, that替代。 Vote for the man ( whom/who) you can trust.把选票投给你能信赖的人吧。 rang me yesterday. 我的女儿在大学学习，她昨天给我打了 个电话。 ● 关系代词作宾语时不能省去。作宾语的whom, which不能用who, that替代。 Peter, whom you mentioned yesterday, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回到了巴黎，你昨天提起过他。 ● 限制性定语从句只修饰先行词。 ● 修饰整个主句或主句的一部分。 The snakes which are poisonous should be He loves his son, which I find quite natural.他avoided.要尽量避开有毒的蛇。 爱他的儿子，我觉得这很自然。 ● 关系副词when, where引导非限制性定语从句，作定语。 This is the place where I spent my childhood. 这就是我度过了童年时代的 地方。 ● 关系副词when, where引导非限制性定语从 句，作状语。 She will move to Beijing, where she has many friends. 她将搬迁去北京,在那儿她有许多朋友。 21. 定语从句的缩略形式
现在分词短语或过去分词短语像定语从句一样具有形容词性质，可以修饰名词。因此，当定语从句由关系代词作主语时，下列情况常可将其缩略成现在分词短语，过去分词短语或同位语等形式。
1) 从句是现在或过去进行时，可直接用现在分词短语表示。 The girl who is waiting at the bus stop is my sister. => The girl waiting at the bus stop is my sister. The man who was working there => The man working there didn't know the danger. didn't know the danger. 2）从句谓语是行为动词的一般现在时或一般过去时，可直接用该行为动词的现在分词形式表示。
The man who lives near my home => The man living near my home People who worked there =>People working there walks to work every day. walks to work every day. got a raise last year. got a raise last year. 4）从句谓语由“be +过去分词”构成，可直接用过去分词表示。 The words that are underlined in red have errors. =>The words underlined in red have errors. The boy who was attacked by a dog =>The boy attacked by a dog 4）非限制性定语从句的缩略形式仍应该用逗号与主句分开。 ① 定语从句由行为动词组成：
Andersen, who was dreaming of becoming an actor => Andersen, dreaming of becoming an actor The invitation which was sent by Jack, =>The invitation sent by Jack went to Copenhagen, the capital city of Denmark should please Mary, should please Mary. was taken to the hospital. was taken to the hospital. ② 定语从句由“be +名词或形容词”构成，其缩略形式直接用名词或形容词表示。 Marie Curie, who was a winner of the Nobel Prize, discovered radium. =>Marie Curie, a winner of the Nobel Prize, discovered radium. Anderson was a writer, who is famous for his fairy tales. =>Anderson was a writer, famous for his fairy tales. 5）构成缩略形式的条件
现在分词构成的缩略形式常表示某件事情正在进行中，因此，只有从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词的时间范围符合逻辑，或信息表达互相一致时，才可以用现在分词作缩略形式代替定语从句。
①从句与主句时间范围不符合逻辑，就不能缩略
A man who reaches his goals will be very happy in life. ② 信息表达不一致，也不能缩略
The speaker who dropped his glasses took four vacations with his private jet last year. ③ 从句谓语“have”表“拥有”时可用介词“with”或“without”表示
Students who have enough knowledge and skills will be admitted.