国民素质 quality of the nation 受教育程度 the educational level 具有大学以上程度
people/ those with a university diploma;
people/ those who have had/ received a higher education 具有高中程度
people/ those with(或 those who have had/ received) a senior high school education 具有初中程度
people/ those with(或 those who have had/ received) a junior high school education 具有小学程度
people/ those with(或 those who have had/ received) a primary high school education 文化素质
Cultural / educational level
问题的一个侧面 one side of the story/ coin
（政策）落实情况并不统一——not uniformly implemented 采用经济手段 to employ economic incentives 扶贫款项 poverty alleviation funds 考察 to go on an inspection tour 村民委员会Villagers? Committee
议题的首位the first item on the agenda 做B超检查 to have an ultrasonic scan
有关人口的一些词汇： 人口普查population census 人口预测population projection 人口组成population composition 人口密度population density 人口分布population distribution 人口基数population base
人口爆炸population explosion 人口衰减population depopulation
人口负增长 negative population growth (NPG) 人口过剩 overpopulation 人口平衡population balance 人口老化 aging of population
人口年轻化 rejuvenation of population 人口（统计）学 demography 人口学家 demographer
人口统计 demographic statistics 人口数据 demographic data 人口税 poll tax 人口质量 quality
人口变迁 demographic change 人口概况调查 demographic survey
流动人口 transient / migrant / floating population
国家推行计划生育，使人口的增长适应经济和社会发展的计划
The state promotes family planning so that population growth may fit the plans for economic and social development
实行计划生育 to practice / implement family planning
国家计划生育委员会 The State Commission of Family Planning 节育 birth control
人口控制 population control
限制、控制人口增长 to curb population growth 人口自然增长率 rate of natural growth
控制人口数量，提高人口质量 to control the size and raise the quality of population 晚婚晚育，少生优生 late marriage and childbirth and having fewer but healthier babies 晚，稀，少 late, spaced and few (deferred marriage, spaced and fewer births) 出生率 birth rate 生育率 fertility rate
死亡率 death / mortality rate 平均寿命 average life span 预期寿命 life expectancy 生育年龄 childbearing age 育龄 reproduction age 适婚年龄 marriageable age
育龄妇女 women of childbearing age 人工流产 induced abortion
计划外怀孕unwanted pregnancy 不育的 sterile
绝育（手术）sterilization 就业年龄working age 平均年龄 mean age
出生高峰 birth peak / baby boom 结婚高峰 marriage boom
独子，独女 only son / daughter 独生子，独生女 only-children
独生子女证 one-child / single-child certificate 避孕 contraception 避孕药 contraceptive
口服避孕药oral contraceptive 避孕工具contraceptive device
移风易俗 to transform social traditions 早生贵子 to have sons earlier
多子多福 more sons, more blessings
UNIT 7
远古 time immemorial 繁殖；增加；（使）增加 to multiply
出土文物 cultural relics unearthed 作证；证明；表明 to bear witness to 雄辩地；有说服力地 eloquently 英勇的 valiantly
统一的中央集权国家 centralized, unified state 符合/ 为了——的利益in the interest of （开始）成形，形成 to take shape 阶段 phase
正发芽的；发展中的；初露头角的budding 发动的；发动派的；反动分子 reactionary 反叛，造反；叛乱 rebellion 播种；散步；激起，煽动 to sow 不和，冲突；（事实、想法等之间的）不协调/不一致 discord 隔阂，疏远 estrangement
暗中破坏；逐渐损害 / 削弱 to undermine / weaken 朝廷 the imperial court
（常用复数）战利品，掠夺物 spoils 仇恨 animosity
不变的，一律的 invariably 边（界地）区 border area(s)
成为——的牺牲品to fall victim to 分裂主义者，分裂主义的 secessionist 挫败 to foil / shatter 分裂阴谋splitting scheme
进行坚决斗争to wage resolute struggles
太平天国 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 新民主主义革命the New Democratic Revolution 扎根 to take root
长期的，持久的 protracted 不屈不挠的 dauntless
压在身上的三座大山 the three big mountains weighing on their backs 兄弟的；兄弟般的 fraternal
内外部敌人 internal and external enemies 国内外敌人 enemies at home and abroad
（条约、法律等）规定 to provide (that)
煽动；挑起，策划（分裂）to instigate (division) 考虑到 to take account of
大屠杀，残杀 to massacre / slaughter 伊克昭盟 Ikh Zhao League 农奴主 serf-owner
扭转下降趋势to reverse the downward trend 近海/ 近岸的offshore
混合，混在一起intermingle 杂居区 mixed community 聚居区 compact community 使多样化 to variegate 僜人 Dengren
保留，保存 to retain
汉藏语系的 Han-Tibetan family 阿尔泰语系的 Altai family
印欧语系的 Indo-European family 履行职责 to perform function 干部 cadre
伊斯兰教 Islam 佛教 Buddhism
新教，耶稣教 Protestantism 天主教 Catholicism 传教士 missionary
生产方式 mode of production 道德标准 ethical code
使凝固，使团结 to solidify
（婚姻 /政治）制度，规定 (marriage/ political) institution 制定；实行 to institute
行政命令 administrative order 向前推进 to propel forward 农奴制 serfdom
痕迹，遗迹，残余vestige 原始公社 primitive commune
实现强烈的愿望/ 抱负 to realize one?s aspiration 颁布（法令等） to promulgate 法令，成文法 statute 规定；（契约、合同等的）条款 stipulation
（充分）发挥——的积极 to bring into (full) play the initiative of --- 硕士生，博士生 (people) holding a master?s or doctor?s degree 解决温饱问题 to solve the problems of food and clothing 财政补贴 financial subsidy 援藏工程 aid-Tibet project
投入使用 to be put into operation
在政治、经济——方面的发展
to have undergone/ achieved/ attained political, economic …development 猛增到 to soar/ surge/ rocket/ jump to 农业总产值 total agricultural output value 增加——倍 to increase …-fold 出口额 export volume
国家统一、民族团结 ethnic harmony and unification of the country 近十几年来 in the last dozen years or so 扶贫计划 the poverty relief program 摆脱贫困 to be lifted out of poverty
绝对贫困人口 the absolutely poor people
跨世纪发展蓝图 cross-century blueprint of the development 年人均净收入annual per capita net income 牧民 herdsman
人均国内生产总值the per capita GDP
为——拨款——元 to allocate …yuan for… 分而治之to divide and the
别有用心的人 people with ulterior motives 和平协商 peaceful negotiation / consultation
独立自主和平外交政策independent diplomacy policy of peace 多元化世界 a world of diversity
统一的、多民族的国家a unified nation of many ethnic groups
中国各民族不论大小，一律平等。All ethnic groups in China, large or small, are equal.
在各少数民族间建立起平等、团结、互助的关系。To establish a relationship based on equality, unity and mutual assistance among various ethnic groups 在维护民族团结的斗争中，要反对大民族主义，主要是大汉族主义，也要反对地方民族主义。 In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nation/ ethnic groups, it is necessary to combat ethnic chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism , and to combat local ethnic chauvinism. 禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。
Discrimination against, and oppression of, any ethnic group are prohibited; any act which undermines the unity of the ethnic groups/ peoples or instigates division is prohibited. 民族平等，民族团结，民族区域自治，所有民族共同发展繁荣。
Equality and unity of all ethnic groups, regional ethnic autonomy, and mutual development and prosperity for all ethnic group
国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要，帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展。
The state assists areas inhabited by minority peoples in accelerating their economic and cultural development according to the characteristics and needs of the various minority ethnic groups. 各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权。
Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority ethnic groups live in concentrated communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established to exercise the power of autonomy.
各少数民族都有使用和发展自己语言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由。 All ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages