and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.
23. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__. [A] impatient [B] considerate [C] aggressive [D] agreeable 24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__. [A] the pressure is too great on the students [B] some students are bound to fail [C] failure rates are too high [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful 25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__. [A] candidates’ sensitivity [B] academic achievements [C] competitive spirit [D] surer values 26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__. [A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics . [C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors [D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
一、文章结构总体分析
本文是一篇关于学校教育环境对人的性格的影响教育学文章。文章首先指出后天环境对人的性格的形成有深刻影响，目的是引出学校教育对孩子个性发展的影响，主张学校不要过分看重竞争，要鼓励孩子的个性发展。文中作者把人的性格分成两类：A型和B型。A指进取心强、在竞争中能够获胜的人，而B是指生活态度更加从容、不太追逐名利的人。
第一段：作者明确指出，人的个性（A或B型）在很大程度上是先天决定的，但是后天环境也有影响。比如说竞争的环境对性格形成的作用。
第二段和第三段：指出学校过分强调考试并且让孩子们热衷于获胜的环境培养了具有竞争性的A型儿童。
第四段和第五段：指出学校的重要职责应该是使儿童的个性适合于他将来的职为，应该向儿童传授稳定的价值观，而不是光看重学业成绩。
二、试题分析
23. According to the passage, A-type individuals 根据这篇文章，A型性格的人通常是are usually__. _________________。 [A] impatient [B] considerate [C] aggressive [D] agreeable [A] 缺乏耐心的 [B] 体贴人的 [C] 好斗的、积极进取的 [D] 和蔼的、易相处的
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。
本题考查A型性格的特征。此题的解题关键是找出出现描述A型性格的词的句子。在
第二段首句，出现“one place where children soak up A characteristics is school… which is a highly competitive institution”。本段第三句再次提到“competitive A types”，这表明A型儿童的特征是“competitive”。 因此只要在选项中找到与“competitive”意义相近之词便可以了。competitive意为“好竞争的”，而[C]选项与之意思很接近，为正确答案。“aggressive”既含褒义，也有贬义，可理解为“进攻性的”、“好斗的”、“积极进取的”。A、B和D选项均与这一含义无关，故排除。
命题意图是要求考生根据文中信息找出描述A型特征的词，再进行解释。注意这其实是一道变相的词语释义题，只不过一般的题是让考生直接解释，而这一题是让考生找出关键词“competitive”之后再解释。
24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice 作者强烈反对学校中的考试制度，因为of examinations at schools because__. ______。 [A] the pressure is too great on the students [B] some students are bound to fail [C] failure rates are too high [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful [A] 它给学生造成的压力过大 [B] 一些学生肯定通不过 [C] 不及格率过高 [D] 考试成绩值得怀疑
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：因果关系题。
在第三段首句“学校最糟糕的竞争方式是对考试的过分重视”中，作者表示了对考试的否定态度；接着末句直接指出否定它的原因：“在明知有人考试会通不过的情况下（certain knowledge of failure）还要进行竞争，则肯定是有害的”。[B]选项恰合此意，为正确答案。be bound to 意思是：一定，必定。
而[A]选项和[C]选项在文中均未涉及，故排除。[D]选项与该段第三句的内容不一致。原文并非说考试成绩是否真正反映学生的真实水平或能力值得怀疑，而是说考试这种形式作为一个促使学生竞争的手段是否合适值得进一步探讨。
注意：“certain knowledge of failure”中的“knowledge”并不是知识之意，而是“know”的名词形式，“了解，知道”。
25. The selection of medical professionals are 当前选用医疗护理人员的标准是currently based on__. ___________。 [A] candidates’ sensitivity [B] academic achievements [C] competitive spirit [D] surer values [A] 申请者的敏感程度 [B] 学业成绩 [C] 竞争精神 [D] 更可靠的价值
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考试的知识点是：推理引申题。
文章末段第二句作者提到… selection for… medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy（选择医疗护理人员时，应该多关注他们是否细心、是否有同情心，而少参照他们的化学成绩）。这里grades有“成绩，分数”的意思。言下之意是当前考虑学业成绩过多。因此，[B]选项是正确答案。
而[A]选项正是作者希望受到重视的一个方面，不是现况。[C]选项是A型学生的特点，但是文中并未说选择医疗工作以此为标准。[D]选项也是作者希望多加关注的标准。
26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion 我们可以从文章中得出的结论是that__. ______________。 [A] the personality of a child is well established [A] 儿童的个性在出生时就已确立 at birth [B] family influence dominates the shaping of [B] 家庭的影响对人性格特征的形成起主导one' s characteristics . 作用 [C] the development of one' s personality is due [C] 人的性格发展取决于多种因素 to multiple factors [D] B-type characteristics can find no place in [D] 在竞争的社会中，B型性格的人不能找competitive society 到其位置
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。
在文章第一段，作者指出：人的个性在很大程度上是先天决定的；继而用but一词，引出后天环境的影响；在随后的段落中，作者着重分析学校教育环境对个性发展的影响，主张学校不要过分看重竞争，要鼓励孩子多种个性的发展。由此可以推出[C]选项概括了文章的要点，为正确答案。
[A]选项与首段第二句谈到的环境对个性的形成也有深刻影响的观点矛盾。[B]选项中“dominate”一词过于绝对。文中的观点是儿童性格的形成既由先天决定，又有环境影响，未分轻重。[D]选项无从推知，作者在末段以医务工作为例，只是强调B型性格的人应该被重视，而未指出B型性格的人在社会中无立足之地。
三、长难句解析和佳句赏析
长难句
①But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
该句的主干是environment must have a profound effect，后面是since引导的原因状语从句，其中又含有if引导的条件从句。分号后“it”指的是competition。
译文：但是环境也应该有深远的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。
②One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.
此句中主干是one place is school，其中主语One place后是where引导的定语从句，宾语school后是which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰，by its very nature是这一从句中的插入成分，意思是“就其性质而言”。soak up原意是“吸收”，如：Blotting paper soaks up ink.吸墨纸吸收墨水，在此句中表示“培养”。
译文：学校是培养A型孩子的场所，从本质来讲，学校是一个高度竞争性的机构。 ③The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.
该句的主干是The current passion… produces a two-layer system。主语passion后是介词
短语做后置定语，即for making sb. do against sb. or against sth.；宾语system后接的是in which引导的非限定性从句。
译文：目前热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制。在这种体制中，竞争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。
④By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations.
by far与比较级或是最高级连用时相当于by a large amount or degree，表示“大大地，……得多”之意，如：She is the smartest by far.（她显然最聪明）。Proportionate意思是“成比例的，相称的”；dis-表示“不”，因此disproportionate就是“不合比例的”，考虑上下文disproportionate emphasis应是“过分重视”之意。
译文：学校最糟糕的竞争方式是对考试的过分重视。
⑤If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values.
本句为if引导的虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的情况。句中的preoccupation with sth.意思是“对??专心致志”，如：preoccupation with one’s career对于自己事业的专心致志。
译文：如果学校对学业少强调一些，也许就有更多的时间向孩子传授更重要的价值观念。 佳句
①Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.
以成就去估量一个人是否成功（measure the success by sporting achievements）、以成败论英雄的社会必然造就很多“不惜一切代价获取成功”（win at all costs）的人。
②Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences. 其实过分热衷于任何事情都会带来危险的后果。可以仿照很多类似的句子，如：Being too keen to play computer games can lead to dangerous consequences.
四、词汇注释
(1) extent (n.)程度，广度，宽度，长度，限度，面积，范围；to a large ~ 在很大程度上，to some/what/such an/a certain~达到某种程度；extend (v.)使某物在（空间或时间上）更大，更长，延展
(2) inherent (a.)天生的，固有的，内在的，~ in sb./sth；inherently (adv.) ；inhere (vi.) 生来就有，固有，~in
(3) sport (v.)炫耀，夸示， ~ achievements 夸耀成就；（n.）运动；（pl.）运动会
(4) be keen to do sth./on sth./on doing sth./ that渴望做某事，热衷于某事，对??有兴趣，喜欢。如：He is very keen to see his birthplace again.
(5) rejoice (v.)（使）欣喜，（使）高兴
(6) conquer (v.) 战胜，征服；克服，破除（坏习惯）；conquest (n.)
(7) disproportionate (a.) 不成比例的；proportionate (a.) 成比例的，均衡的，相称的；proportion (n.) 比例，部分，均衡，相称，in~与??成比例的
(8) fit (v.) 使适合，使配合，适应，装配，~sth. to sth.与??相称
(9) preoccupation (n.)主要关心的事，全神贯注，抢先占有；preoccupy (v.)
(10) stock (n.)某一类人；祖先，世系，家族；备料，库存，现货；股票，公债
五、全文翻译
人的个性很大程度上取决于遗传—A型父母通常生养出A型子女。但是环境也应该有深远的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。（长难句①）
学校是培养A型孩子的场所，从本质来讲，学校是一个高度竞争性的机构。（长难句②）太多的学校遵从“不惜一切代价求胜”的道德标准并以运动成绩来衡量其成功。（佳句①）目前热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制。在这种体制中，竞争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。（长难句③）对胜利过于执着也会带来危险的后果。（佳句②）请记住，第一位马拉松运动员菲底庇德斯在说完“欢庆吧，我们征服了！”之后几秒钟便倒地丧生。
学校最糟糕的竞争方式是对考试的过分重视。能允许学生专注于所擅长之事的学校实为罕见。（长难句④）通过考试竞争这种做法的好处本身有点值得怀疑，但在明确知晓有人会在考试中失败的前提下仍进行竞争是肯定有害的。
显然，让所有A型儿童都转变为B型既不现实也并不必要。世界需要不同的类型，学校的重要职责就是要努力使儿童的个性适合于他将来的职业。这是最高水平的教育经营。 如果学校少强调一下学业，也许就有更多的时间向孩子传授更重要的价值观念。（长难句⑤）也许对照料性职业的人员选择，尤其是医务工作，可以少参照他们的化学成绩，而要更多地考虑他们的敏感性和同情心。完全从A型人中挑选医生肯定是错误的。B型人也很重要，应该受到鼓励。
Passage 5
That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that