might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
27. From the evolutionary point of view, __.
[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive.
[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability [D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences 28. According to the passage, if a person never forgot __. [A] he would survive best
[B] he would have a lot of trouble
[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced [D] the evolution of memory would stop 29. From the last paragraph we know that__. [A] forgetfulness is a response to learning
[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system [C] memory is a compensation for forgetting
[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs 30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__. [A] remembering [B] forgetting [C] adapting [D] experiencing
一、文章结构总体分析
本文是一篇关于记忆和遗忘方面的心理学的文章。文章从记忆的作用入手，谈及遗忘的重要性，并从心理学原理解释两者之间的关系。
第一段：讲述记忆的作用。
第二段和第三段：开始谈及遗忘的重要性，认为遗忘是人类适应生存的表现；并指出若没有遗忘，人类将难以吸收新东西，其适应性会受影响，甚至生活会出现混乱。
最后一段：通过记忆储存系统储量有限的原理去解释遗忘提供适应的灵活性。
二、试题分析
27. From the evolutionary point of view, __. 哪个符合进化论对遗忘的观点？ [A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be [A] 由于缺乏练习造成的遗忘往往是明显的obviously inadaptive 不适应的表现 [B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a [B] 如果一个人突然变得很健忘，他肯定是sudden he must be very adaptive 非常适应生活的 [C] the gradual process of forgetting is an [C] 逐渐的遗忘过程表明了人的适应能力 indication of an individual’s adaptability [D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive [D] 突然遗忘可能带来适应性结果 consequences
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。
从进化论解释遗忘是第二段的内容，该段第二、三句谈到，“一段时间由于缺乏实践，学到的东西往往就会忘记（渐进性地遗忘），其适应性结果就显得不太明显。然而戏剧性地突然遗忘的例子可以被看作具有适应性，即动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力”，但是末句又谈到“进化论的解释可能使人很难理解渐进的遗忘过程是如何经过自然选择生存下来的”。因此可知，[D]选项是正确的观点，而[C]选项与文意相反。
[A]选项错在“obviously”，原文第二句中提到适应性结果不太明显。[B]选项是对第三句的篡改，而不是改写，其中两个very夸大暗示了原文中没有的遗忘与适应性之间的正比关系。
命题意图是要求考生理解第二段中作者如何论述渐进性的遗忘和突然性遗忘与适应性的关系。
28. According to the passage, if a person never 根据文章，如果一个人永远不会遗忘______。 forgot __. [A] he would survive best [B] he would have a lot of trouble [C] his ability to learn would be enhanced [D] the evolution of memory would stop [A] 他将最适于生存 [B] 他会有很多麻烦 [C] 他的学习能力会得到提高 [D] 记忆的进化就会停止 [答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。 本题考查不会遗忘带来的后果。第三段一开始就指出，思考一下记忆不衰退会产生的结果。第四句论证说，忘事少的人，他们的日常生活充满了困惑。同时第二段第五句也提到，当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历难以忘怀而导致严重焦虑时，遗忘可以带来解脱。也就是说，不会忘记就清除不了烦恼。因为[B]选项为上述思想的概括，其中，a lot of trouble 对应文中full of confusion。
[A]选项与第三段第三句“没有遗忘，适应性能力就会受损”不符。[C]选项与第四段内容矛盾：“人的记忆存储系统储量有限，学习与遗忘之间不断地调节”。[D]选项中的“进化停止”过于绝对，文中没有涉及。
注意：考生可以根据题干的if a person never forgot和第三段首句的if memories failed to fade，迅速定位到段落。
29. From the last paragraph we know that__. [A] forgetfulness is a response to learning 从最后一段得出的结论是__________。 [A] 遗忘是一种学习反应 [B] the memory storage system is an exactly [B] 记忆存储系统是一个输入输出完全平衡balanced input-output system 的系统 [C] memory is a compensation for forgetting [C] 记忆力是对遗忘的一个补偿 [D] the capacity of a memory storage system is [D] 记忆存储系统储量有限，这是由遗忘造limited because forgetting occurs 成的
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落主题。
最后一段认为，人的记忆存储系统储量有限，它通过遗忘来提供适应的灵活性。学习或记忆储存（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间始终不断地调节，达到出入平衡。因此[A]选项符合文意，为正确答案。
[B]选项中的exactly一词用得过于绝对，与文章内容不符。[C]选项把记忆与遗忘的关系搞错，二者并非补偿关系，只不过都是记忆系统的组成部分。[D]选项不正确，原文只说遗忘使记忆系统更具适应力，而不是说它造成了记忆存储系统的有限性。
注意：干扰项中可能大量使用原文中提到的词语，其增加或减少都会造成错误答案，考生一定要仔细辨认。如：该题干扰选项中出现的memory storage system, limited, capacity, input-output, balance等。
30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the 本文作者试图解释________的功能。 function of_______. [A] remembering [B] forgetting [C] adapting [D] experiencing [A] 记忆 [B] 遗忘 [C] 适应 [D] 体验 [答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。
本题考查全文的主旨。本文共四段，仅在第一段单纯讲述记忆的作用。从第二段开始文章侧重论述遗忘的功能，指出它是人类适应生存的表现，没有它，人的适应性会受影响；以及记忆系统专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性。由此可见[B]选项是文章内容重点讨论的对象，即主题。forgetting一词在文中出现的频率很高。其他选项在文中有所涉及，但不是主题。
注意：解此类题，要特别注意综合各段中心大意，或找出文中出现频率偏高的词。
三、长难句解句和佳句赏析
长难句
①That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.
句子的主干是That… is evidence, 其主语是that 引导的主语从句。表语evidence后是of 短语做后置定语，activity后又接过去分词结构做定语。
译文：过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显然而却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。
②The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.
该句主干是ability depends on memory。本句用to solve any problem和even to recognize that a problem exists两个并列不定式做后置定语，对这种能力进行解释。
译文：用于解决问题或者甚至是辨别出有问题存在的能力有赖于记忆。
③Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration.
本句由于orientation的出现，显得有些难于理解。遇到这样的句子，不要紧张，先断定该句是否为该段主旨。若为主旨，则可以从本段论据中推出句意；若不是主旨，则只看做一般的论据（support），可以从主旨或其他论据中推出此句作者意欲表达的态度或内容。该句子中有since引导的原因状语从句，其中现在分词短语providing…是对前述情况的进一步阐述。
译文：遗忘明显地有助于时间的定位。旧的记忆淡化了，使新的记忆清晰醒目，为推断提供了线索。
④Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, … 此句是以Without forgetting为隐含条件的虚拟语气。相当与“if there were no forgetting”。 译文：没有遗忘，适应性能力就会受损。
⑤Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.
此句主干是there is evidence。evidence后是that引导的同位语从句：the rate is directly related to how much…，从句的的主语the rate后接有at which引导的定语从句修饰，how much后接有省略关系代词的定语从句(that) they have learned修饰。
译文：的确，有证据显示个人遗忘的比率与他们学得的知识量的多少直接相关。 ⑥对第二段的结构分析：
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
本段使用的关联词yet, in this sense, indeed, nevertheless是文章结构的标志词。该段首句先指出“渐进性遗忘的适应性的结果可能表现得不明显”。yet一词表明对上文结论的转折，也就是“戏剧性的突然遗忘却具有适应性”。in this sense表明下句为此句观点的延伸或解释说明，态度与上句一致。indeed一词表明此句仍然支持yet一句的观点。而nevertheless一词则表明与上述观点或态度的不同，或指出上述观点的不足。
四、词汇注释
（1）subsequent (a.) 随后的，后来的；subsequence (n.) 随后（发生的事）
（2）depend (v.)取决于，依赖，相信，~on，如：A great deal will depend on the way the government response. dependent (a.) , be ~ on 依赖，依靠，如：The man was out of work and dependent on his son’s earnings. be independent of 独立的，不依赖他人或他物的，如：If you have a car, you are independent of trains and buses.
（3）adaptive (a.) 适应的，有适应性的，用以适应的；adapt (v.) (使)适应，适合；改编，改写，~to
（4）in this sense 在这种意义上；in a sense 从某种意义上说；make sense有意义，讲得通
（5）evolutionary (a.) 进化论的，进化的，渐进的；evolution (n.) 进化，渐进，演变
（6）orientation (n.) 确定方向；认识环境；熟悉情况 （7）stand out 突出，显眼
（8）gross (n.) 全部的，整个的。如：the gross amount 总额；his gross income他的全部收入；gross national product (GNP)国民生产总值；其反义词是net净的，纯的。
五、全文翻译
过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显然而却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。（长难句①）没有被广泛称之为记忆的作用，学习就不可能发生。不断的练习实践对记忆产生了影响，从而成就了钢琴上的熟练弹奏、背诵诗歌，甚至阅读和理解这些文字。所谓的智力行为需要记忆能力，因为它是推理的基本要求。用于解决问题或者甚至是辨别出有问题存在的能力有赖于记忆。（长难句②）举例来说，一个穿过街道的决定是根据对许多以往经历的回忆而作出的。
练习（或者复习）有助于建立和保持对一项任务或任何学习过的材料的记忆。如果一段时间不练习，已学习到的知识往往会被遗忘；其适应性的结果可能表现得不明显。但是，戏剧性的突然遗忘的例子可以被看作为极具适应性。从这点看，遗忘的能力可以被理解为动物通过自然选择进程赢得了生存。的确，当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历的记忆导致了严重的焦虑时，遗忘可以带来解脱。然而，进化论的解释可能会使人很难理解通常逐渐的遗忘过程是如何经自然选择生存下来的。
在思考记忆的进化过程及其他相关方面时，考虑下面这个问题是很有益处的，即，如果记忆不能渐渐消失将会出现什么情形。遗忘明显有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡化了，使新的记忆清晰醒目，为推断某事的持续时间提供了线索。（长难句③）没有遗忘，适应性能力就会受损。（长难句④）例如，十年前所学的正确行为现在也许不再被认为正确。案例记载了这样一些人，他们（按一般人的标准）忘记的事情太少以至于日常生活充满了困惑。因此，遗忘似乎有助于个人以及人类的生存。 另一条思路假设人的记忆存储系统储量有限，它专门通过遗忘来提供适应之灵活性。依此观点，学习或记忆储存（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间始终在不断地调节。的确，有证据显示个人遗忘的比率与他们学得的知识量的多少直接相关。（长难句⑤）这样的数据为认为输入—输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了总体上的支持。
Part Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation
The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (31) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate.