(32 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (33) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. (34) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (35) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
一、文章结构总体分析
本文首先指出批评标准化教育或心理测验是错误的，因为造成不理想结果的原因可能是人们使用测验不当；接着分析影响测试有效性的因素是被采用的信息的数量、质量以及解释信息的能力；最后指出测试如果使用得当可以提供有用的信息，但是它有很多做不到的事情。
二、试题分析
31.[解析] 本题考核的知识点：名词译为动词和介词语短的译法。
这是一个主从复合句。主干为主系表结构带一个for引导的原因状语从句。主句翻译成“目标是错误的”含义不够清楚，根据上下文可知，the target应翻译成“把标准化测试作为抨击目标”。
状语从句的主干是critics divert attention from…，直译为“批评家把注意力从弊病上移开”，意译为“批评家没有考虑其弊病”。
The fault和其后的定语从句直译为“在于消息不灵通或不称职的使用者的错误”也不太符合中文的习惯，原因在于英文的名词使用频率比中文高，翻译时经常需要把名词转化为动词。users的动词是use，users前的形容词应相应地转为修饰动词的状语，可以译为“人们使用测试时对信息了解不够或使用不当”。
In attacking the tests是介词短语做状语，译成状语从句时关键要看此介词短语在原句中起什么作用，然后再译成中文相应的状语从句。
译文：把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者未考虑其弊病是来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
32. [解析] 本题考核的知识点：句子理解，代词指代。
句子的主干是：How well…depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of… and (depends) on the skill and wisdom…。
主语是how well开头的主语从句，其中使用了被动语态的将来时。“by+施动者”译成
被动语态。depend后除了upon接了the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information做介词宾语之外，后头的the skill and wisdom with which 也是承接depend 而来，做on的介词宾语。with which引导的定语从句中it指代前文中的information，所以定语从句译成“解释这些信息的技能和才智”。
词汇方面：validated的意思可以从形容词valid（有效的）推出，译为“证实”。
译文：这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现证实，这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
33. [解析] 本题考核的知识点：抽象名词的意译和代词指代。
这是一个简单句。Whether to use… situation做主语；whether… or 意为“是??还是”; depends是谓语；evidence from和such factors as…共同做介词on的宾语。
主语中的both根据上文应该指tests, other kinds of information两者；the evidence后有from experience修饰，experience又由一现在分词短语修饰；the evidence… validity可以译作“有关相对效度的经验依据”。
译文：因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和现有条件等因素。
34. [解析] 本题考核的知识点：状语从句的翻译和句子间的对比。
该句由两个并列的主从复合句构成：the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…。两个分句由and 连接，and 之后的分句承前省略了主语和谓语the tests work。
两个when都引导了时间状语从句，翻译时应置于主语之前。第二个状语从句中的主语是what 引导的名词性从句：what is to be measured or predicted，意为“被测定和被预测的东西”。
词汇方面：work在这里意马心猿为“起作用”的意思；qualities是指被测人的素质；define意为“下定义，界定”。
译文：一般地说，当被测定的特征能够被很准确的界定时，测试最为有效；而当被测定或被预测的东西不能够被明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
35. [解析] 本题考核的知识点：虚拟语气，推测词义 这是一个并列复合句。前一个分句的主语they指上文的the tests（本题所在段落中第二、三、四句的主语都承接第一句的主语tests，用they代替)。后一分句省略主语。由于两个分句成分相同时才会省略，因此这里省略的主语就是they(指测试)。Tell后的宾语从句用的是虚拟语气，表示对过去情况的虚拟；had he grown up 即if he had grown up。翻译时虚拟句中的条件从句应该放在其主句之前。
词汇方面：gross在这里意为“明显的”；tell在此意为“判断、说明”；underprivileged 是一个需要用词汇学知识去推测词义的词，under(在??下)+privilege(特权)，意为“在特权之下”，即物质条件不好，也可以结合条件句中的favorable circumstances(好的物质环境)的反义猜出词义；how able可以译作“有多能干，有多大的才干”。
译文：例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大才干。
三、全文翻译
广泛用来帮助选择、分类、指定或者激励学生、雇员和军队人员的标准化教育或心理测试是近来书刊、杂志、日报社甚至是国会攻击的目标。(31)把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错
误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者未注意到其弊病在于那些对测试不甚了解或使用不当的使用者。这些测试本身只是工具，其特点能够在特殊的条件下相当准确地被估量。测试结果是否有价值、有意义，或者甚至误导人部分取决于工具本身，而大部分取决于使用者。
所有已知的对将来行为的预测都是基于对过去某些相关经验的了解的基础之上的：学校成绩、科研生产力、销售业绩，或诸如此类。(32)这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现证实，这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何仔细记分的人都知道可用的信息总是不完整的，预测总是容易出现错误。
标准化测试应该考虑在这样的环境中使用。他们提供快捷、客观的方法以获取关于某个人学到了什么、他有哪些技能或者他属于哪种人的一些信息。如同其他种类的信息，如此得来的信息在质量方面也是兼有优缺点。(33)因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和现有条件等因素。
(34)一般来说，当被测定的特征能够被很准确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当被测定或被预测的东西不能够被明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。如果测试被恰当地使用，它们将提供一种快捷的方式来获取有关很多人的可比较的信息。有时，通过它们（测试）还可以发现那些高潜质以前没有被发掘的学生，但许多事情是测试做不到的。(35)例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大才干。
Part Ⅳ Writing (15 points)
DIRECTIONS:
A. Title: THE \B. Time limit: 40 minutes
C. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country”.
E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. OUTLINE:
1. Present situation
2. Necessity of the project 3. My suggestion
一、审题
本题为提纲式论说文。由题目可知本文讨论的是有关“希望工程”的问题。
二、谋篇
按提纲所示，本文应分三方面展开。第一段应说明目前境况：一方面，贫困造成大量儿童失学；而另一方面，国家需要大量有知识的人才。第二段，由首段的陈述自然引出实施这
项工程的必要性。分析必要性切忌写得过于空泛。这段可通过正反两方面进行论证。第三段提出自己的建议。
三、写作范文
评分标准1
15~13分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点；表达清楚，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。 Sample 1 (15 points)
The“Hope Project”
Education is the key to the modernization of our country. Chain cannot achieve its planned economic growth and catch up with those developed nations without a well-educated population. However, more than 37 million primary and secondary school students in the poverty-stricken areas of the countryside are obliged to quite school. Many of them are joining the ranks of new illiterates. Thus, a financial plan called Project Hope is carried on to rescue those children from a life of illiteracy and ignorance.
The project, which brings the hope for children and promises a bright future for China, is quite necessary. As we know, being deprived of education will not only result in exhaustion of human resources in those poverty-stricken areas, but also hold back the economic development of the whole country. Developing education to arm youngsters with knowledge is an urgent task and a responsibility of the entire society. But it is impossible for the Chinese government to afford such a sum of money for hundreds of thousands of school dropouts. So a nation-wide drive, Project Hope, is the best solution.
As Project Hope aims to raise funds from all walks of life, we should finance the project with money. Moreover, it needs our love and strong sense of responsibility for those children. As it says, “knowledge is a lamp leading people into the world of brightness and beauty”, so is Project Hope.
例文分析 1． 提纲
（1）现状：从国家需要人才和大量儿童失学两方面说明目前中国教育状况； （2）需要：上学的障碍为学生与政府都没有钱； （3）建议：捐钱及爱心等。 2．论点与谋篇
本文中心突出，结构严谨。从国家与个人两方面进行论述是本文的一大特点。它使得文章脉络非常清晰。第二段，作者用了总——分——总的方法展开，使文章简短有力。第三段的特点是呼应主题，以俗语作总结，并采用对照，起到了画龙点睛的作用。
3．连贯性
本文流畅不仅来自于思维的连贯，并且归功于诸多连词的应用（已在文中标出）。 4.句式及用词
经典句式：Developing education to arm youngsters with knowledge is and urgent task… As… aims to do sth., we should… 评分标准 2
12~10分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点；表达比较清楚，文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。
Sample 2 (10 points)
The“Hope Project”
Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country. In rural areas millions of children have no chance to go to school. Helping their family in the field or doing endless housework at home, they do not even know how to write their own names. These new illiterates are impossible to catch the change of the world. So the Project Hope was established to help the poor children.
The Project is quite necessary. On the one hand, these children are too poor to buy the books and go to school. On the other hand, as a developing country China is not likely to spend a huge amount of money on education. Only through the love the project can provide more and more education chances for the poor children. Thus, everyone should do what he can for the Project Hope.
I think this project is great important to our country. So my suggestion is that people should donate our money and the government should encourage more of the public to participate the project. And I’m sure the project will be fruitful.
例文分析 1．提纲
（1）儿童失学，提出希望工程； （2）从两方面说明工程的必要性； （3）提出建议。 2．论点与谋篇
本文论点突出，按照提纲所示将文章按三段展开。第一段的缺点在于：第一句与第二句间缺乏过渡。第二句应展开说明教育对中国的重要性，然后再进行转折衔接第三句，这样内容较衔接。但此段的描写较为生动。不是直接讲述，而是通过形象地描述，用干活、做家务及不会写名字的对比生动展示失学儿童的现状。
3．连贯性
段与段之间衔接比较自然。 4.句式及用词 典型错误： 倒装：Only through the love the project can provide more and more education chances for the poor children.
Only开头的句子应为部分倒装。应为：Only through the love can the project provide more and more education chances for the poor children.