复数 接三类名词 no no people no=not a/any someone,somebody 用肯定句中或表建议等的疑问句中； anyone,anybody用于否定条件句或疑问句中。 something用于肯定句或表建议等的句子里；anything用于否定句或疑问句中。 the others其余的人/物。 指三者或三者以上当中“没一个”。 little“几乎没有”，表否定。 few“几乎没有”表否定；both只用于两者“两者都”。 either二者之中任一个；neither二者之中没一个。 some用于someone,somebody 代单数anyone,anybody （人） everyone,everybody no one,nobody Someone is waiting for Jack. Is everyone here? Is there anybody out? 主语、作 表2 名 something,anythin语、代单数Something is wrong 词 g 宾（物） with my bike. nothing,everything 语 代复数 （人/others，the others 物） She likes to help others. Where are the others? None of us is afraid. none 既可作名词3 又可作形容词 不可数 little,a little,much 主语、可数复定数 语、表语、宾可数单语 数 接/代三There’s little time left. few,a few,many,several, both Both my sisters are good. one each(二者或三者以上的“每Each student has a 一”) pencil. another,either,neither all,some,any,such,tHe has two sons.One
is a doctor. The 肯定句或other(one)is a 表建议的teacher. 句中；any用于否定、疑问句或条件句中。 可数复He has lots of/a lot lots of, a lot of, a 数或不of friends. lot 可数 He has a lot to say. 注意： （1）both(二者都)和all(三者或以上都)可以作同位语，位于助动词，系动词或情态动词后，行为动词之前。 The boys are all in the classroom. Both(of)my brothers like sports. （2）every other+可数名词单数：指“每隔一…”。 They go to play basketball every other day. （3）no/any/every/some与one/body构成的复合词指人，不用于of前。 （4）all/both/every及其复合词与否定词连用时，表部分否定。相应的全否定为none/neither/no one/nobody/nothing等。 Not all of us are teachers=All of us are not teachers. None of us are students. （5）“another+数词+名词复数”表示“再来（数词）…”。 Another two coffees,please. （6）the other+单数可数名词或不可数名词或复数可数名词表示“其余的/所有剩下的…”。 The other boys are playing on the playground. the other后不接任何词时，指“二者中的另一个。” I have two skirts. One is red. The other is blue and white stripes. 7．疑问代词：用来构成特殊疑问句。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。 在句中成分 主语 宾语 定语 补语 表语 Who did it? What are you doing? Whose bike is it? What do you call it in Japanese? Whose is this book? 例句 类名词 he other (四)数词 1. 数词分类：
分类 在句中充当的成分 例词 基数主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语 one, eleven, fifty 词 序数主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、second, eighth, fortieth 词 状语 2．基数词的构成及用法： 类型 构成方法 例词 one, two, three, four, five, six, 1-12 单独的词 seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve 在3-9的词尾加上thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, 13-19 “-teen” seventeen, eighteen, nineteen twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, 20,30,40-90 以“-ty”结尾 seventy, eighty, ninety 100,1000,100百，千，百万，十亿都one/a hundred, one/a thousand, 0,000, 有具体量词 one/a million, one/a billion 1000 000 000, “几十”和“个位”之间用21-99 twenty-three,forty-eight 连字符“-” “百位”后“十位”前加101-999 826: eight hundred and twenty-six “and” 先从右向左每三位数加一逗号，从右向左第一1，234，567，892: one billion, two 个逗号为thousand,第二hundred thirty-four million, five 1,000以上 个为million,第三个为hundred sixty-seven thousand eight billion,然后每三位为一hund red and ninety-two 单位从左向右读。 3.序数词的构成： 类 型 one, two, three four～nineteen -ty结尾的词 构成特点 单独记忆 在基数词尾加-th 例词及缩写式 first (1st), second (2nd), third (3rd) fifth (5th), ninth (9th), twelfth (12th) twentieth (20th), fiftieth (50th), fortieth (40th) twenty-first (21st), ninety-ninth (99th) hundredth (100th) thousandth (1,000th) millionth (1,000,000th) billionth (1,000,000,000th) 把y→ie，在基数词尾加-th 以1～9结尾的多位变个位数为序数词数 即可 hundred, thousand, million, billion 在基数词尾加-th即可
4.序数词的用法： 序用法特点 号 1 2 前面要加the 举 例 He’s always the first to get to meeting-room. 前面用a/an表“又一，再一” He’d better try a fourth time. 五)介词 1.介词的概念及分类：介词是一种虚词，不能单独在句中充当成分，要与宾语一起构成介词短语才可在句中充当成分。介词按形式分为简单介词、复合介词、短语介词、特殊介词和双重介词。 分类 例 词 at, about, above, after, as, but, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, like, near, off, of, on, opposite, over, past, round, since, through, till, to, under, until, up, besides, between, beyond, with, across, against, along, among, around, before, behind, below, beside inside, outside, onto, into, toward(s), upon, within, without along with, together with, according to, ahead of, as for, as to, because of, due to, except for, owing to, out of, up to, by means of, by the side of, by way of, in front of, in spite of, as far as concluding, regarding, considering, save until after, until before, Saturday, except, on duty 简单介词 按 形 式 分 复合介词 短语介词 特殊介词 双重介词 about, above, across, after, against, along, among, 空间（地方、(a)round, at, before, behind, with, below, beneath, beside, 位置、方向、besides, between, upon, save, beyond, but, by, concerning, 范围、界限、down, on, out of, outside, over, past, through, throughout, 按 包括、排除） towards, under, up 功 能 after, before, as, between, by, during, for, from, in, on, 时间 分 over, past, till, until, up to, within, through, throughout 原因理由根about, according to, as, because of，due to，owing to，on 源（目的，acount of, from, of, on, with, regarding, concerning, 内容等） considering, through, by, under, for 2．容易混淆的介词： 区别 讲解 例句 表 at表示“在几点几分”（单I get up at six o’clock. 时 at, on, in 位最小）；on表示“在具体It happened on a spring 间 的某一天或某天上午（下morning.
的 介 词 午晚上等）”； There are seven days in a week. in表示“在几天、周、月、in the morning / evening / 年”。 afternoon；at noon / night / dawn / sunrise / sunset / lunch / dinner / supper, etc. for后加一个“表时间段的She has lived here for six years. 具体单位（常用复数）”；during, He was in English during the during强调“持续”或“某活for, in war. 动”期间；in指在一段时间In those days he was poor. 内。 till/until构成的短语修饰They waited till/until 10:00. till, until “持续性动词”，“非持续性They didn’t leave until/till 动词”要用“否定式”。 10:00. “after+时刻或时段”，“…以后”，终点时间在过去She’ll be back after eight after, 或将来；而“since+时间o’clock. since 点”，“自从…以来”，终点She’s lived here since 2002. 在说话的时刻。 “in+时段”，“…以后”，用He’ll leave after 11:00. 于将来时；“after+时刻或He left after 11:00. in, after 时段”，“…以后”可用于将She left after a few hours. 来时或过去时。 She’ll be back in half an hour. at指一个“点”或“小地They arrived at the village at 方”； ten. at, on, in in指一个“地区”或“大地Your pencil is in the desk. 方”空间内；on在某一平Your pencil is on the desk. 面或线上面。 There’s a book on the desk and a on“与物体接触”反义词为表 pen beneath the book. “beneath”；over“在…正上空 on, above, There’s a lamp over the desk 方”反义为“under”；间 over and a bag under the table. above“在…的上方”反义位 Jack’s bedroom is above mine 词为“below”。 置 on the second floor. 及 across“表面跨过”； 方 over, He’s swimming across the river. through“从中间或从头至尾向 across, They walked through the forest. 穿过”； 方 through A plane is flying over the city. over“从上空越过”。 位 at靠得“最近”； 的 Let’s meet at the school gate. beside“在并排一条线介 The building beside the library at, 上”； 词 is the shopping center. beside, by“在并排一条线上”； The boy standing by my side is by, next next to“在顺序上紧靠旁from Shanghai. to, near 边”； Who’s sitting next to/beside near 靠得“最远”，不表明Mr.Steve? 确方向或顺序。 about, about表示周围是随意的，Don’t leave the toys about the