round, around. to, for, at up, down 不规则的；round或around(二者无多大差别)的周围则是较完整的一个圈。 to “运动的方向，目的地”； for “动身出发的目的地”； at “有意攻击的目标”。 up指“往上，往北，大地方，靠拢”； down指“向下，往南，向小地方，往开走”但在一市区，去中心区用down,去郊区等用up。 meeting-room. They are sitting round/around the table. Throw it to me. He’ll leave for Shanghai. He threw the ball at that boy. They are going up the hill. They are going down river. I’m going down town shopping. Shanghai is in the south of China. in表“在某地区内”； Hunan lies on the north of on, in, to on表“接壤”； Guangdong. to表“在某地区以外”。 Xichang lies to the south west of Chengdu. There’s a river between the two between指“两者之间”； between,avillages. among指“在三者以上之mong There’s a small house among the 间”。 trees. besides“除…之外还有，”实际不排除； I love music besides sports. except“除…外”表“排The house is never used except 除”，不放在句首； besides in winter. except for表整体肯定补充except The bus is empty except for an 细节，表除去整体中的一except for old woman. 部分； except I don’t know Peter except that except that“除了…外”，后that he’s an Japanese. 接从句； but There’s nothing but a chair in but通常与all, no, every, but for the room. where, who what及有些它But for your help,I wouldn’t 们的合成词连用；but have finished my homework. for“要不是”，后面句子常用虚拟语气。 of常与fond, proud, tiredI’m proud of having you as a 连用表情绪上的原因； friend. 表 of for表奖惩痛苦出名的原He’s famous for his writing. 原 for 因，或内在心里的原因； They are suffering from 因 from/out from/out of“出于某需要，starvation. 的 of 动机，认识”等原因； She fell ill from drinking 介 from from还可指自然，直接的unclean water. 词 at 原因； His mother is angry at his at常指感情上的原因。 laziness.
by表“用交通工具”或表“发表 出某动作”； by I go to school by bus. 方 on/in表用某交通工具； on/in I go to school on a bike. 式 with用具体的“工具、材料”with I write with a pen. 的 或伴随“抽象事物”； in Can you say it in English? 介 in用原料或语言； through I learned it through a friend 词 through通过具体过程，途径，手段，中介。 (六)形容词、副词 1．形容词修饰名词/代词；副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子，在句中可充当定语、状语、补语、表语。 序功词类 位置用法 例词/例句 号 用 形容He’s a small Japanese boy. 在中心词前 定词 1 语 副词 在中心词后 I’ve got used to the life here. 句首/中，表原因/Tired and thirsty, we stopped to have a 形容时间 rest. 词 句末/中，表伴随/He lay in bed, awake. 状结果 2 语 在被修饰词前、后You are quite right. 副词 修饰全句，位置灵Sometimes he goes to school on foot. 活 形容He is tired. 表3 词 系动词后 They are out. 语 副词 形容作主补在谓语后 The little boy was found dead. 词 作宾补在宾语后 He find it very useful. 补4 语 作主补在谓语后 She was seen out. 副词 作宾补在宾语后 Let me show you out. 注意： （1）the/these/those+形容词表示一类人/物；成对的形容词这样用时可省去the。 The rich are not always happy. High and low all like this flower. （2）“enough足够的”作定语时既可放在中心词前也可放在中心词后；但作副词时只能后置。 We have enough food to eat. We have food enough to eat. It’s warm enough. （3）许多以前缀a-构成的形容词常作后置定语，这样的形容词有：awake, alone, alive, afraid, alike, asleep, ashamed等。 It is a book worth reading. Do you know the man asleep over there? （4）形容词修饰由some/any/no/every与one/body/thing构成的复合不定代词时，要后置。 I have something important to tell you.
（5）形容词（与其他词组/语构成的）短语作定语时要后置。 English is a language difficult to master. （6）几个副词作状语并列时，位置一般按方式→地点→时间顺序排列。 He came here by air yesterday. （7）几个形容词并列作表语时，并列的词之间用逗号隔开，最后两个词之间用and(but/yet)等连接，并列词的先后顺序较灵活（有时将强调的词放在最后）。 He is tall,dark and handsome. 2. 形容词、副词比较等级的构成及形式： 形 式 构 成 原级 比较级 最高级 一般 tall 加-er taller 加-est tallest 单音noble节词以不发音enoble 加-r nobler 加-st st 和少结尾 数以以一个辅wetter 双写最后wettes双写最后辅-er, 音字母结wet bigger 辅音字母t 音字母再加-ow, 尾的重读big 再加-est bigge-er -le, -y闭音节 st 规 结尾辅音字母easier 改y为i再easies 的双加-y结尾easy 改y为i再加heavier 加-est t 则 音节的词 heavy -er heavi 词 est 变 more most delicious delici化 more ous deliciouslowly most 多音节词，多数双s more tired slowl音节词及部分加词前加slowly 词前加more more y -ly等变来或由分most tired tiresome most 词变来的词 tiresome tired most tiresome good better best well 不 bad/ill worse worst badly 规 many more most much 则 little less least 变 elder eldest old older oldest 化 farther farthest far further furthest
late later latter latest last 注意： （1）形容词最高级前要用the,而副词最高级前的the可省。 （2）下面这些词的比较等级可在后面加-er/-est或在前面加more/most构成。 cruel, often, able, clear, clever, correct, dear, free, friendly, happy, handsome, likely, lively, pleasant, right, simple, quiet, solid, strange, strict, stupid, wrong, etc. 5. 形容词、副词比较等级常用的句型及用法： 类用法及意义 句型结构 例句 别 very / so / quite / too, It was very warm 没有比较 etc. +原级 yesterday. 二者比较程度相as+原级+as+比较对象 You are as clever as Mike. 同 原一方是另一方的...times as+原级+as+比This bridge is five times as 级 几倍 较对象 long as that one. ...not as+原级+as+比较二者比，程度不同 You are not as tall as he. 对象 二者比，前者不如...not so+原级+as+比较Math isn’t so hard as 后者 对象 physics. 二者比，一方比另比较级+than... You’re younger than Tom. 一方更… much / a lot /a little, 二者比，A比B…It’s much hotter today than rather, 得多， it was yesterday. a great deal He’s still stronger than A比B甚至还a bit/far/even/still/a Jack. 要…/一点 little, etc.+比较级+than He’s far older than you. 比较级+and+同一比较She’s getting fatter and 表“越来越…” 级 fatter. 比 The more you ask, the the+比较级+…， more you’ll 较 表“越…就越…” the+比较级+…， understand. 级 A比B（高，长…）This line is four times ...times+比较级+than 多少倍 longer than that one. 在二者中哪个是Which / Who is the+比Who is the taller of the 更…的那个 较级+of the two? twins? 哪个更…，A还是Which/Who+谓+比较Who runs faster, Lily or B？ 级，A or B? Mary? 比较级and+另一比较He’s getting healthier and 表“越来越…” 级+than+… stronger than his brother. 表“比…更少”或Tom made less mistakes less+原级或名词+than “不如…” than Jack.
more+原级+than 表“与其说”，“不more+名词+than 如…”，“不止…” more+than+原级/名词 表“并不比某某…”或“与某某一样不…” 三者或三者以上比较“某某最…” 在某区域的“最…” 最“在三者或三者以高上当中最…之一” 级 “第几大/长…” no+比较级+than… This story is less interesting than that one. She’s less rich than he. She is more hard-working than clever. Mr.Smith is more an artist than a teacher. She’s more than a teacher. She’s more than tired. She’s no taller than you. He runs fastest of the boys. He is the tallest in his class. She’s one of the best students in this class. It is the second longest river in the world. Who jumps highest, Tom,Jack or Smith? (the)+最高级+of+复数名词 (the)+最高级+in+单数集体名词或地点 one of the+最高级+复数名词+… the+序数词+最高级(+名词)+in+区域 Which/Who+谓语+“三者以上当中谁（the）最高级，A、B、/哪个最…” C or D? (七)冠词 1．冠词的概念及种类： 分类 含义 不定冠词 表示“一”，强调类别 形式 a an this这 that那 定冠词 these这些 those那些 2．不定冠词a/an的用法： 用 法 用于单数可数名词前，指类别 the 例词 a pen an Englishman the bike the water the empty box 说明 用于单数可数名词前，表泛指 用于各类名词前，表特指 举 例 Joan is an English teacher. There’s a letter for you. 用于单数可数名词前，泛指某人或物