令等” 说话时正进行的动作 现阶段正进行的动作 表“计划安排好的现将来动作” 在表“反复经常”的进动作，常与always行等连用，有责备，时高兴等较浓的感态 情色彩。 在here/there引起的句子中可用“一般现在时”表进行。 过过去某一时刻正去进行的动作 进行过去某一阶段正时进行的动作 态 在过去看来即将发生的动作 过去开始的动作/状态一直延续到现在 现在在现在为止一个完动作状态已多次成发生 时到现在为止时的态 一动作状态经历 过去完成的动作对现在还有影响 He is playing basketball now. I’m writing a book these days. now, at present, these She’s flying to Paris days, tomorrow. this morning / week / They are always talking month, during this season, in meeting. Look! Listen! etc. He is constantly leaving always, constantly, things about. frequently, all the time Here comes the bus. this time yesterday, at that time, then, all morning, at that moment, the whole night, during…, when I came in, etc What were you doing at that moment? Last year we were building the library. He wondered whether she was leaving. I have lived here for six years. I’ve seen the film four times. I’ve never been to America. He has just come back. since+时间点/…ago/从句；for+时段；in the past/last five years once, twice, three times, many times before, ever, never so far,by now, lately, recently, just, already, yet 4．动词的语态: 动词的语态有主动语态（主语是动作的发出者）和被动语态（主语是动作的承受者）。被动语态由be/get(助动词)+过去分词构成，be/get体现时态变化。主动变被动时，时态保持不变；动作的执行者由“by短语”表示；get+过去分词侧重动作的效果，通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用，其一般现在时/一般过去时变否定式，疑问时要借助助动词。 They make bikes. Bikes are made by them. When did she get married?
How did the window get broken? 注意： （1）不及物动词一般没有被动语态。 The sun sets in the west. 易错的常见的不用被动语态的不及物动词有：rise, set, happen, break out, take place, fall, lie, die, etc. （2）主动句带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的句子，可将“间接宾语”或“直接宾语”变成被动语态的主语，还有一个宾语叫保留宾语。一般将“间接宾语”变为被动句的主语。当变直接宾语为被动句的主语时，要在保留宾语（间接宾语）前加一个介词to（给，表方向）或for（替）。 My mother gave me a book. I was given a book(by my mother). A book was given to me(by my mother). （3）主动句带有复合宾语时，变为被动句时宾语补足语保留在谓语动词之后，改称为“主语补足语”即主补。当宾补是不带to的不定式时，被动句中原省略的to要加上。 The boss made us work ten hours a day. We were made to work ten hours a day(by the boss). （4）含有“动-介/动-副/动-副-介”等短语动词的句子，变成被动语态时，要把这些短语看成一个整体（相当于一个动词），不能漏掉任何词。 The nurses look after the patients well. The patients are looked after well(by the nurses). （5）含有“动-名-介”型短语动词的主动句变为被动句时，也可将其中的名词变为被动句的主语。 He paid much attention to his pronunciation. Much attention was paid to his pronunciation(by him). His pronunciation was paid much attention to(by him). （6）被动语态与系表结构的区别： 被动语态，表“动作”，用相应的时态，时态变化比较丰富。 系表结构，表“性质”，常用一般时态。 The glass was broken by Tom yesterday. The glass was broken. That book was written by a teacher. That book is well written. （九）构词法 1．概念及种类： 英语单词的构成有一定的规律，这些规律叫构词法。主要有四种：合成、转化、派生和缩略。常见的是前三种。见下图。 种类 构成方法 例词 由两个或两个以上的词Classroom，newspaper，blackboard 合成 合成为一个词 Schoolmate，newly-born，hard-working 由一词类转化为另一词taste，answer，back，hand，empty 转化 类 care，careful，carefully 派生 在词根上加前缀或后缀 careless carelessness carelessly
2．高中阶段主要构词方法归纳：派生法和合成法 （1）派生法 ①常用前缀 un- unfair unable unlikely 表“否in- impossible incapable 定” dis- discover disagree dislike dishonest 表“重re- rewrite retell repeat reconsider 复” ②常用后缀 加法 后缀意义 例词 类型 -er/or “动作的执行者” teacher visitor inventor -tion 变成了名词 organization congratulation invention 名 -ese “…地方的人” Chinese Japanese 词 -ist “人” pianist scientist violinist 后 -ing 名词化 living greeting wedding 缀 -ment 名词化 movement treatment -ness 变为名词 happiness illness sickness carelessness -ian 变为“…的人” Australian 动 -ify beautify 词 -ice realise organise 使…变… 后 -ise sacrifice 缀 -en lengthen strengthen -able 可…的，能…的 suitable comfortable movable -ful 充满…的 beautiful careful useful 形 -y 带有…的 sunny,windy,cloudy,snowy,sleepy,salty 容 -ive 有…特征的 active,instructive 词 -al 属于…的 musical medical physical 后 -an …的 American European Australian 缀 -ly 副词后缀 carefully really certainly -teen 表“十三至十九” fourteen fifteen nineteen 数 词 表“二十、三十…-ty forty sixty eighty 后 七十” 缀 -th 表“第几” fourth sixtieth ninth （2）合成法： police+man=policeman play+ground=playground birth+day=birthday after+noon=afternoon hand+bag=handbag every+where=everywhere bed+room=bedroom no+where=nowhere hand+writing=handwriting any+where=anywhere grand+parent=grandparent how+ever=however what+ever=whatever