用于指初次提到某人/物 指某类物或人中的“任何一个” 用在不可数名词前表“一次/场/”或“一个/种人或物” 用于时间、度量衡名词前表“每一” She has a dog. A horse runs fast. I would like a coffee. He has two meals a day. as a result(of),have a rest have a chat,in a hurry have a word with sb. a little,a lot(of),a pair of a cup of,a great deal of 用于某些习惯用语或固定词组中 3.定冠词the的常见用法： 用法 用在序数词前 用在形容词最高级前 特指双方都知道的人/物 指前面出现的人/物 指世上独一无二的事物前 用在被修饰限定的人/物前 乐器、文娱等名称前 “年代”数词前 “方位、方向”名词前 用在姓氏复数前表一家人或夫妇 用在某些形容词，表一类人/物 用在阶级、机构、党派的名词前 江河、海湖、海湾、海峡、群岛、山脉等的名词前 在固定搭配中 例 句 Tom is always the first to get to school. Is it the most difficult lesson in this term? Did you go to the hospital just now? He has a dog.The dog is named Huzi. The sun rises in the east. Do you know the boy talking with our teacher? She plays the piano. 注：play football (football前不加the) In the 1960’s China is in disorder. Please turn to the left. The Smiths are having dinner. The English are friendly. America is a member of the United Nations. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. by the way,in the end 八、动词 1.动词的概念及种类 动词是表示动作或状态的词，按在句中的功用分为以下四种： 类别 用法及意户 例词 例句与说明 表动作或状She likes watching TV. 实 及物动态，有完整词like, enjoy, （vt.） 义，后接宾语，watch, want Do you enjoy 义 词能单独作谓语 listening to music? 动 词 不及物表动作或状rise, come, arrive, That story 动词态，有完整词happen happened last
(vi.) 义，后接宾语，能单独作谓语 连系动词 表示“是”，“仍be, stay, remain 是” 本身有表“变得” become, get, grow, fall, 词义，go,turn 但须与表“听/看/闻/表语一sound / look / smell / 摸/尝 起来” 起构成feel / taste 谓语 表“似乎”,“好seem,appear 象” year. When did Tom arrive? She remains a teacher. It’s getting warm. That sounds a good idea. It tastes delicious. He seems all right. 本身无助意义不动单独作词 谓语 情态动词 本身有意义，但不能单独作谓语，与主要动词原形一起表示说话人的语气，情态，没有人称、数的变化。 Does he speak English? 谓语动词是单Do, Does, Did(位于句首Yes, he does. 独的行为动构成一般问句) No, he doesn’t. 词，在一般现He doesn’t speak 在时/过去时English. 的句中帮助构don’t / doesn’t / 成否定或疑问 Jane didn’t go to didn’t(位于谓语动词school yesterday. 前来表否定) 与doing连用构She is doing her be (not) doing 成进行时 homework now. 与done连用The tree was be done 构成被动语态 planed last year. 与done连用构She has gone have / has / had done 成完成时 back. 后接动词原形will/ shall do I shall do it. 构成将来时 Jane could swim can/could(没其他形式) when she was six. 表“能够” be able to(有各种时态I’ll be able to 与形式) speak French next year. You may smoke may(较正式) here. 表“许可” can(口语) “can’t”不可以；“may not”不可以 can/could(用于一、二Can you help me? 人称) May I help 表“请求许可” may/might(用于第一人you?=Can I help 称) you? can/could “can’t”只用于否表“可能” may/might(不用于问定 句) “may not / might
表“必须” 表“应该” 表“一定” 表“需要” 表“敢” 表“请求指示” 表“向对方提出请求” 询问对方的意思 表说话人的意愿 “命令、允诺、强制”等，用于二、三人称 表“意愿”，用于will/would 各人称 not”不可能 “mustn’t”意为“不可以”，表禁止 must “don’t/doesn’t have to(可有各种时态) have to”意为“不必” shouldn’t/oughtn’t should,ought to有义务 to不应该 be supposed to are not supposed to不应该 must Tom must be late. 作情态动词时常用于否定句，疑问need 句或条件从句 作行为动词时，常用于肯定句 —“Shall I open the door”? dare —“Sure,please.” shall I / we / he…？ Where shall we meet? —“Will you Will / Would you please open please? the door?” —“Sure.” —“Would you like to try one Would you like to…? more.” —“No,thank you.” You shall be back at ten。 shall He shall obey the rules. I will answer the phone. 过去曾有的动作/状态；过去的习惯，此时相当于would；表次数时不用。 表过去动作的重复，有明确的时间状语；表过去的次数时不用。 May you succeed. used to 表“过去常常习惯于” would 表“祝愿”
may
2．动词的基本形式及变化规则如下表： 情况/形式 原形 现在分词 加-ing 一般情况 talk talking 去e加-ing 以e结尾 remove removing 以辅音字母加-y结尾 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词 以s,x,sh,ch[tF]结尾的词 以ie结尾的词 3．动词的时态 时 基本用法 态 习惯性或常发生的动作或存在的状态 表能力，性格，特征等 一普遍真理的表述 般现剧本、图、文的在解说 时按时刻表，计划态 决定好了的事 carry 加-ing carrying 双写结尾辅音字母加-ing stopping 加-ing watching 改ie为y再加-ing tying 过去式 加-ed talked 加-d removed 改y为i加-ed carried 双写结尾辅音字母再加-ed stopped 加-ed watched 加-d tied 过去分词 加-ed talked 加-d removed 改y为i再加-ed carried 双写结尾辅音字母再加-ed stopped 加-ed watched 加-d tied stop watch tie 常与之连用的时间状语 例句 He reads French every morning. Joan is a nice person. The moon turns round the earth. The scene changes back to the park. The train leaves at 8:00. I’ll call you as soon as I get the park. You won’t be able to pass the exam unless you work hard. Mary was here moment ago. He often went Shanghai last year. a to in the morning / evening / afternoon, every day / month/year / morning. sometimes, often, always, usually, frequently, eldom, ever, never, once,in a while, from time to time, today, these days, this 在“时间，条件，week / month / year, now, 方式，让步状语etc 从句”中表“将来”动作 具体的过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态 过去常发生的动作或存在的状...ago,just now,in 1976/1989, yesterday last Sunday / month / week / year, the day 一般过去时
态 态，特征 在“虚拟语气”中表“现在/将来”的情况 在“委婉”用语中表“现在/将来”,常与“could/would”连用在“时间，条件，让步”等状语从句中表“过去将来” shall(’ll)用于第一人称will(’ll)用于各人称，表示“将会”“意愿” “am/is/are going 一to+v.原”表“即将般发生，打算做” 将“is/am/are doing”来表“计划，安排” 时“is/am/are about 态 to+v.原”“表即将就要发生/做” “is/am/are to+v.原” “表计划决定，要求，命令，传达命令指示等” “should+v.原/would+v.原”表过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态”。常用于从句或引语中 “were/was going 过to+v.原”表“过去去即将发生或打算将要做” 来“was/were+v.-ing时”表“过去的计划，态 安排” “was/were about to+v.” 原表“过去即将，就要” “was/were to+v.原”表“过去的计划决定，要求命
before yesterday, the other day,once, in those days / years,once upon a time, earlier, this month / week / year, then, sometimes, often, always, etc. He talks as if he were my teacher. I hoped you could help me. They planned to go out if it was fine the next day. I shall do it tomorrow morning. She’ll have to go there tomorrow, in 2010, next by herself. morning / year / week / month / time, in turn, It looks as if it’s going to soon, before long, in the rain. year, to come, from now He’s leaving for on,one day, some day, Guangdong tomorrow. from now on, sometime in the future, in a few hours / She is about to go to days, the day after school. tomorrow, this evening, this afternoon, etc. You are to stay in the hotel. Your boyfriend told you. She said she would vote for me. She said she wouldn’t vote for me. 常用于状语从句、名词性从句或间接引语中。 She said it was going to rain soon. I wondered when the plane was arriving. I was about to go out when the phone rang. He told us they were to hold a meeting the next day.