C. Adults and children are different. D. Online security measures.
Suppose you go into a fritterer‘s shop, wanting an apple-you take up one, and on biting it you find it is sour; you look at it, and see that it is hard and green. You take up another one, and that, too, is hard, green, and sour. The shipman offers you a third; but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour, like those that you have already tried.Nothing can be more simple than that, you think; but if you will take the trouble to analyze and trace out into its logical elements what has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprised. In the first place you have performed the operation of induction You find that, in two experiences, hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness. It was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the second. Trued, it is a very small basis, but still it is enough from which to make an induction; you generalize the facts, and you expect to find spumes in apples where you get hardness and greenness. You found upon that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, so far as it goes, is a perfect induction. Well, having got your natural law in this way, when you are offered another apple which you find it hard and green ,you say, ―AII hard and green apples are sour; this apple is hard and green; therefore, this apple is sour.‖ That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogism ,and has all its various parts and terms-its major premises, its minor premises, and its conclusion, And by the help of further reasoning, which, if drawn out, would have to be exhibited in two or three other syllogisms, you arrive at your final determination, ―I will not have that apple.‖ So that, you see, you have, in the first place, established a law by induction, and upon that you have founded a deduction, and reasoned out the special particular case. Well now, suppose, having got your conclusion of the law, that at some times afterwards, you are discussing the qualities of apple with a friend; you will say to him, ―It is a very curious thing, but I find that all hard and green apples are sour!‖ Your friend says to you, ―But how do you know that?‖ You at once reply, ―On, because I have tried them over ad over again, and have always found them to be so.‖ Well, if we ware talking science instead of common sense, we should call that an experimental verification. And, if still opposed, you go further, and say, ―I have heard from people, In Somerset shire and Devon shire and Devon shire, where a large number of apples are grown, and in London, where many apples are sold and eaten, that they have observed the same thing it is also found to be the case in Normandy, and in North America, in short, I find it to be the universal experience of mankind wherever attention has been directed to the subject.‖ Whereupon, your friend, unless he is a very unreasonable man, agrees with you, and is convinced that you are quite right in the conclusion you have drawn He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive verifications have been made, and results of the same kind arrived at –that the more varied the conditions under which the same results are attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further. He sees that the experiment has been tried under all sorts of conditions, as to time, place, and people, with the same result; and he says with you, therefore, that the law you have laid down must be a good one, and he must believe it.
55. Apples are used .
A. in order to convince the reader that fruit has no intellect B. to illustrate the subject of the passage C. to give color to the story D. to show how foolish logic is
56. the term‖ natural law ‖ as it appears in the text refers to . A. common sense B. the result of an induction C. the order of nature D. a scientific discovery
57. it you find a hard and green apple that is not sour, you should .
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A. try more apples to see if the natural law has changed B. eat the rest of the apple at once
C. reject the law stating that hard and green apples are usually sour
D. conduct further investigations and make adjustments to the law of apples as necessary 58. The writer is probably
A. French B. English C. American D. None of the above
Government is not made in virtue of natural rights, which may and do exist in total independence of it; and exist in much greater clearness, and in a much greater degree of abstract perfection; but their abstract perfection is their practical defect. By having a right to everything, men want everything, Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants. Men have a right that these wants should be provided for by this wisdom. Among these wants is to be reckoned the want, out of civil society, of a sufficient restraint upon their passions. Society requires not only that the passions of individuals should be subjected, but that even in the mass and body, as well as in the individuals, the inclinations of men should frequently be thwarted ,their will controlled, and their passions brought into subjection. This can only be done by a power out of themselves; and not, in the exercise of its function, subject to that will and those passions which it is its office to bridle and subdue. In this sense, the liberties and the restrictions vary with times and circumstances, and admit to infinite modifications, they cannot be settled upon byany abstract rule; and nothing is so foolish as to discuss them upon that principle.The moment you abate anything from the full rights o men ,each to golem himself ,and suffer any artificial, positive limitation upon those rights, from that moment the whole organization of government becomes a consideration of convenience. This it is which makes the contusion of a state, and the due distribution of its powers, a matter of the most delicate and complicated skill. It requires a deep knowledge of human nature and human necessities, and of the thugs that facilitate or obstruct the various ends, which are to be pursued by the mechanism of civil institutions .The state is to have recruits to its strength, and remedies to its distempers. What is the use of discussing a man‘s abstract right to food and medicine? The question is upon the method of procuring and administering them. In that deliberation, I shall always advise to call in the and of the farmer and the physician, rather than the professor of metaphysics (形而上学)。
59 According to the author, government
A. is made by men B. is made in virtue of natural rights C. has a right to everything D. Wants everything
60.The author states that the will and the people themselves of the people?_________. A. Can be effectively controlled by the people themselves B. Should determine government policies
C. Can be controlled only by a power that exists apart from the people and is not subject to that will and those passions D. Cannot be controlled
61.The restraints on men as well as the liberties of men ;______.
A .are matters for individual concern B. Are rights of men
C. Should be of no concern to the movement D. Cannot be tolerated by a people
62.Besides a deep knowledge of human nature and human necessities, establishing a constitution of a state and deciding upon its powers require a knowledge of _________. A. The liberties and restrictions on man, rights
B. The things which facilitate or obstruct the ends pursued in that stets civil institutions C. The will of all the peptic D. The constitutions of many nations
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The term corporate culture refers to an organization‘s value system . Managerial philosophies, workplace practices, and organizational network are included in the concept of corporate culture. Tyson Food‘s corporate culture is reflected in the fact that everyone—even CEO Don Tyson wears tan clothes on the job. The leaders who developed the company and the corporate culture typically shape the corporate culture. One generation of employees passes on a corporate culture to newer employees. Sometimes this is part of formal training; new managers who attend McDonald, Hamburger University may learn skills in management, but they also pick up the basics of the organization‘s corporate culture. Employees can absorb corporate culture through informal contacts as well, by talking with other workers and through their experiences on the job.
Corporate culture has a major impact on the success of an organization. In organizations with strong cultures, everyone knows and supports the organizations‘ objectives. In those with weak cultures, no clear sense of purpose exists . In fact ,the authors of the classic book In Search of Excellence concluded the presence of a strong corporate culture was the single common thread among many diverse but highly successfl companies such as General Electric and McDonald‘sAs you can imagine, changing a company‘s corporate culture can be very difficult. But some managers try to do just that when they feel the current culture is weak, or when the organization‘s objectives change and the old culture no longer fits. Sometimes the competitive situation of a company changes; electric utilities, which once had their profits guaranteed by public regulation, now face capitalist-style competition. Firms that were comfortable competing against other American companies now find themselves fighting competitors from overseas, too.
Management expert Peter Duckers feels that, rather than trying to change culture, managers should focus on changing employees, habits, as follows: *Define what results are needed. Specify in measurable terms what the organization (or department, or office ) needs to achieve.
*Determine where these results are already being achieved within the current organization .
Analyze the departments that are already effective find out what they are doing differently from the rest.
*Determine what top management can do to encourage these good results. Rucker suggests that executives openly ask what they can do to help, and then do it.
*Change the reward system?_or develop a new one?_to recognize these effective habits.
When employees realize that the organization really does reward the new approach, they will adopt it much more quickly . Whether one wants to change an organization‘s culture or not, it is important to choose managers and employees whose personal styles fit the organization‘s goals.
63.According to the author, which of the following is true? A. The corporate culture of a corporation can be hard to change B. The corporate culture of a corporation should never be changed C. Strong corporate cultures should not be changed
D. Strong corporate culture is harder to be changed than weak ones.
64. According to peter Drunker, when changing employees, a manager should________. A. First determine which parts of the organization best meet the corporate culture B. First determine what is to be achieved by the corporation
C. Reward all the employees that best know the organizations corporate culture D. Restructure the organization
65. According to the passage, in McDonalds Hamburger University,?________ A. New managers learn the organizations corporate culture at length
B. New managers have the chances to know about the organizations corporate culture
C. New managers spend more time in studying the organizations corporate culture rather than management skills D. New managers are usually more interested in learning the management skills
2003年MBA英语真题及答案
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A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an
electro-chemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work.
After observing the demonstrations closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly, ―It‘s a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come
of this?‖
―I don‘t know,‖ replied Faraday, ―but I do know that 100 years from now you‘ll be taxing them.‖
From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with
which these steps art taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4,000 years ago to the working of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms… to Hannibal‘s remarkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 B.C. with 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 horsemen and a ―conveyor belt‖ of 40 elephants…or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality.
These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, divisions of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors
that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerging profession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes; among them John Kay‘s flying Shuttle in 1733. James Hargrove‘s‘ Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Compton‘s Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwright‘s Power Loom in 1785.
51. The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that
A. politicians tax everything B. people are skeptical about the values of pure research C. government should support scientists D. he was rejected by his government 52. Management is defined as
A. the creator of the Industrial Revolution B. supervising subordinates C. the art of getting things done D. an emerging profession 53. Management came into its own
A. in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms B. in Hannibal‘s famous trip across the Alps C. in the development of early Christian Church D. in the eighteenth century ..joxue. 54. A problem of management NOT mentioned in this passage is A. the problem of command B. division of labor C. control by authority D. competition..joxue.
By education, I mean the influence of the environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in the habits of behavior, of thought and of attitude. It is in being
thus susceptible(容易受影响的)to the environment that man differs from the animals, and the higher animals from the lower. The lower animals are influenced by the environment but not in the direction of changing their habits. Their instinctive responses are few and fixed by heredity(遗传；继承). When transferred to an unnatural situation, such an animal is led astray by its instincts. Thus the ―ant-lion‖ whose instinct implies it to bore into loose sand by pushing backwards with abdomen(腹部)，goes backwards on a plate of glass as soon as danger threatens, and endeavors, with the utmost exertions to bore into it . It knows no other mode of flight, ―or if such a lonely animal is engaged upon a chain of actions and is interrupted, it either goes on vainly with the remaining actions(as useless as cultivating an unsown field)or dies in helpless inactivity‖. Thus a net-making spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion(堡垒)of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a half finished home, will not begin again, though it will continue another burrow, even one made with a pencil.
Advance in the scale of evolution along such lines as these could only be made by the emergence of creatures with more and more complicated instincts. Such beings we
know in the ants and spiders. But another line of advance was destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility of which we do not see the end perhaps even in man. Habits, instead of being born ready-made(when they are called instincts and not habits at all )were left more and more to the formative influence of the environment, of which the most important factor was the parent who now cared for the young animal during a period of infancy in which vaguer instincts than those of the insects were molded to suit surroundings which might be considerably changed without harm.
This means, one might at first imagine, that gradually heredity becomes less and environment more important. But this is hardly the truth and certainly not the whole truth.
For although fixed automatic responses like those of the insect-like creatures are no longer inherited, although selection for purification of that sort is no longer going on, yet selection for educability is very definitely still of importance. The ability to acquire habits can be conceivably inherited just as much as can definite re responses to narrow situations. Besides, since a mechanism---is now, for the first time, created by which the individual (in contradiction to the species) can be fitted to the environment, the latter becomes, in another sense, less not more
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important. And finally, less not the higher animals who possess the power of changing their environment by engineering feats and the like, a power possessed to some extent even by the beaver (海狸),and preeminently(卓越地)by man. Environment and heredity are in no case exclusive but5 always-supplementary factors...joxue.
55. Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage?
A. The Evolution of Insects B. Environment and Heredity C. Education: The Influence of the Environment D. The Instincts of Animals 56. What can be inferred from the example of the ant-lion in the first paragraph?
A. Instincts of animals can lead to unreasonable reactions in strange situations. B. When it is engaged in a chain actions it cannot be interrupted. C. Environment and heredity are two supplementary factors in the evolution of insects. D. Along the lines of evolution heredity becomes less and environment more important.
57. Based on the example provided in the passage, we can tell that when a spider is removed to a new position where half of a net has been made, it will probably. A. begin a completely new net B. destroy the half-net C. spin the test of the net D. stay away from the net 58. Which of the following is true about habits according to the passage?
A. They are natural endowments to living creatures B. They are more important than instincts to all animals C. They are subject to the formative influence of the environment.
D. They are destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility in the evolution of human beings...joxue.
One of the saddest things about the period in which we live is the growing estrangement(疏远)between America and Europe. This may be a surprising discovery to those who
are over impressed by the speed with which turbojets can hop from New York to Paris. But to anyone who is aware of what America once meant to English libertarian poets and philosophers, to the young Ibises bitterly excoriating(痛斥)European royalty for the murder of Lincoln, to Italian novelists and poets translating the nineteenth century American classics as a demonstration against Fascism, there is something particularly disquieting in the way that the European Left, historically ―pro-American‖ because it identified America with expansive democracy, now punishes America with Europe‘s lack of hope in the future.
Although America has obviously not fulfilled the visionary hope entertained for it in the romantic heyday, Americans have, until recently, thought of themselves as an idea, a
― proposition‖(in Lincoln‘s word) set up for the enlightenment and the improvement of mankind. Officially, we live by our original principles; we insist on this boastfully and even inhumanly. And it is precisely this steadfastness to principle that irks(使苦恼，使厌烦) Europeans who under so many pressures have had to shift and to change, to compromise and to retreat.
Historically, the obstinacy of America‘s faith in ―principles‖ has been staggering -----the sacrament(神圣) of the Constitution, the legacy of the Founding Fathers, the moral
rightness of all our policies, the invincibility of our faith in the equality and perfectibility of man. From the European point of view, there is something impossibly romantic, visionary, and perfectibility of man. From the European point of view, there is something impossibly romantic, visionary, and finally outrageous about an attachment to political formulas that arose even before a European revolutionary democracy was born of the French Revolution, and that have survived all the socialist utopias and internationals. Americans honestly insist on the equality of men even when they deny this equality in practice; they hold fast to romantic doctrines of perfectibility even when such doctrines contradict their actual or their formal faith---- whether it be as scientists or as orthodox Christians.
It is fact that while Americans as a people are notoriously empirical. Pragmatic, and unintellectual, they live their lives against a background of unalterable national
shibboleths(陈旧的语句). The same abundance of theory that allowed Walt Whitman to fill out his poetry with philosophical road signs of American optimism allows a president to make pious references to God as an American tradition-----references which, despite their somewhat mechanical quality, are not only sincere but which, to most Americans, express the reality of America.
59. The writer uses the example of Ibises and others to maintain that
A. Europeans do not have the proper appreciation of the United States B. Europeans have made a notable shift in attitude toward the United States
C. American culture has been rediscovered by Europeans D. Europeans no longer feel that there should be an exchange of ideas with Americans 60. The writer states that, until recently, Americans thought of their country as a A. source of enlightenment B. leader in technological progress C. recipient of European heritage D. peacemaker
61. The author states that American democracy in practice sometimes is in conflict with
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