c.为什么你计算出来的弹性可能是不可靠的？ it is only the first month after the fare increase.
As time goes by, people may switch to other means of transportation in response to the price increase. So the elasticity may be larger in the long run than it is in the short run.
10. 汤姆和杰瑞一人开一辆车到加油站加油。还没看到价格，每个人都已下了订单。汤姆说，“我要 10 加仑汽油。”杰瑞说，“我要 10 美元的汽油。”他们的需求价格弹性分为多少？
Tom's price elasticity of demand is zero, since he wants the same quantity regardless of the price.
Jerry's price elasticity of demand is one, since he spends the same amount on gas, no matter what the price, which means his percentage change in quantity is equal to the percentage change in price. 11.考虑针对吸烟的公共政策。
年青人对香烟需求的价格弹性大于成年人的。为什么这个结论可能是正确的？
haveless income, a higher price elasticity of demand.
adults are more likely to be addicted to cigarettes, making it more difficult toreduce their quantity demanded in response to a higher price.
12.你是某个博物馆的馆长。博物馆资金不足，因此你决定增加门票收入。你应该提高还是降低门票的价格？为什么？
you need to know if the demand is elastic or inelastic. If demand is elastic, a decline in the price of admissions will increase total revenue. If demand is inelastic, an increase in the price of admissions will cause total revenue to rise.
13.药品的需求通常缺乏弹性，计算机的需求通常富有弹性。假设技术进步使得这两种商品的供给都变为原来的 2 倍（也就是说，每个价格水平上的供给量都是原来的 2 倍）。
a.药品市场和计算机市场的均衡价格和数量将会发生什么样的变化？价格下降，数量增加
b.哪种商品的价格变化大？ c.哪种商品的数量变化大？
d.消费者在这两种商品上花费的费用分别有什么样的变化？
a. As Figure 2 shows, the increase in supply reduces the equilibrium price and
increases the equilibrium quantity in both markets.
b. In the market for pharmaceutical drugs (with inelastic demand), the
increase in supply leads to a relatively large decline in the equilibrium price and a small increase in the equilibrium quantity.
Figure 2
c. In the market for computers (with elastic demand), the increase in
supply leads to a relatively large increase in the equilibrium quantity and a small decline in the equilibrium price.
d. Because demand is inelastic in the market for pharmaceutical drugs, the percentage increase in quantity will be lower than the percentage decrease in price; thus, total consumer spending will decline. Because demand is elastic in the market for computers, the percentage increase in quantity will be greater than the percentage decrease in price, so total consumer spending will increase.
14.几年前，密苏里河与密西西比河的洪水摧毁了附近成千上万亩小麦。
a.小麦被摧毁的农民们的状况变差了，但是小麦未被摧毁的农民们却从洪水中受益。为什么？
b.为了确定农民这一群体的状况因洪水变好还是变差了，你需要关于小麦市场的哪些信息？
the destruction of some of the crops reduced the supply, causing the equilibrium price to rise.
b. the price elasticity of demand. It could be that the total revenue received by all farmers as a group actually rose.If the demand is inelastic.
15. 解释下列论断为何可能是正确的：全世界发生干旱能提高农民们销售谷物所得的总收入，但如果只是美国堪萨斯州发生了干旱，那么堪萨斯州的农民的总收入就会减少。
The drought reduces the supply of grain, but if demand is inelastic, the reduction of supply causes a large increase in price. Total farm revenue would rise as a result.
If there is only a drought in Kansas, Kansas’ production is not a large enough proportion of the total farm product to have much impact on the price. As a result, price does not change (or changes by only a slight amount), while the output by Kansas farmers declines, thus reducing their income. Unit6
1.
古典音乐的发烧友劝服政府对音乐会门票价格设置了 40 元的价格上限，结果去听音乐会的人变多了还是变少了？
If the price ceiling of $40 per ticket is below the equilibrium price, then quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied, so there will be a shortage of tickets. The policy decreases the number of people who attend classical music concerts, because the quantity supplied is lower because of the lower price.
2.政府认为自由市场的奶酪价格太低了。
a.假设政府对奶酪市场设置了紧的价格下限。画图分析它对奶酪价格和销售量的影响。奶酪出现了短缺还是过剩现象？
b.生产奶酪的农民抱怨价格下限降低了他们的总收入。这事有可能吗？请解释。 c.政府对农民抱怨的反应是，同意以价格下限的价格水平购买所有过剩的奶酪。与原来只实行价格下限政策相比，谁从这个新政策中获益？谁遭受了损失？
producers benefit and taxpayers lose.
Producers would produce quantity Q3 of cheese, and their total revenue would increase substantially.
However, consumers would buy only quantity Q2 of cheese, so they are in the same position as before.
Taxpayers lose because they would be financing the purchase of the surplus cheese through higher taxes.
3.一项最新研究发现，游戏飞盘的需求和供给表为： 8
飞盘制造者对政府宣称，飞盘提高了科学家对空气动力学的理解程度，因此对国家安全非常重要。国会表决同意对飞盘实行 2 元的价格下限，该价格下限高于均衡价格。新的市场价格是多少？飞盘的销量是多少？10 the quantity demanded.
c.愤怒的大学生在华盛顿游行，要求政府降低飞盘的价格。国会因此取消了价格下限并设置了价格上限，该价格上限比原来的价格下降低 1 元钱。新的市场价格是多少？飞盘的销量是多少？9
it has no effect, because the market equilibrium price is $8, which is below the
ceiling. So the market price is $8 and the quantity sold is six million Frisbees.
4.假设美国联邦政府要求消费者每买一箱啤酒就要缴纳 2 元的税收。（事实上，联邦政府和州政府都征收某种形式的啤酒税。）
b.现在画出征税后市场的供给和需求图，在图中标示出消费者支付的价格、生产者得到的价格以及啤酒的销量。消费者支付的价格和生产者得到的价格之差是多少？啤酒的销量是增加了还是减少了？
5.某参议员希望增加税收并且使得企业职工状况变好。他的助手建议说：既然工资税由企业缴纳一部分、职工缴纳一部分，只要提高企业缴纳的那部分工资税、降低职工缴纳的那部分工资税，而且做到企业多缴的部分足够补偿职工少缴纳的部分，那么就能实现你的目标。
这个助手的建议正确吗？为什么？ Wrong.
It would not make workers better off, because the division of the burden of a tax depends on the elasticity of supply and demand and not on who must pay the tax. The less elastic ,the more burden. Because the tax wedge would be larger, it is likely that both firms and workers, who share the burden of any tax, would be worse off.
(the more elastic the more tax)
6.如果政府对每辆高档汽车征收 500 元的奢侈品税，征税后价格会上升。站在消费者的角度来看，该汽车的价格上涨幅度是大于、小于还是恰好等于 500 元？
a luxury car likely has an elastic demand, the price will rise by less than $500. The burden of any tax is shared by both producers and consumers
(非答案，也可写上)
The only exceptions would be if the supply curve were perfectly elastic or the demand curve were perfectly inelastic, in which case consumers would bear the full burden of the tax and the price paid by consumers would rise by exactly $500.
7.美国国会和总统都认为美国应该减少汽油使用量，从而减少空气污染。他们对市场上出售的汽油征税，每单位汽油征收 0.50 元。
a.他们应该对汽油的生产者（即供给者）征税还是对汽油的消费者征税？使用供给和需求图详细解释。It does not matter whether the tax is imposed on producers or consumers?the effect will be the same
If the tax is imposed on producers, the supply curve shifts up by the amount of the tax (50 cents) to S2. Then the equilibrium quantity is Q2, the price paid by consumers is P2, and the price received (after taxes are paid) by producers is P2 – 50 cents.
If the tax is instead imposed on consumers, the demand curve shifts down by the amount of the tax (50 cents) to D2. The downward shift in the demand curve (when the tax is imposed on consumers) is exactly the same magnitude as the upward shift in the supply curve when the tax is imposed on producers. So again, the equilibrium quantity is Q2, the price paid by consumers is P2 (including the tax paid to the government), and the price received by producers is P2 – 50 cents.
b.如果汽油的需求弹性增大，那么征税对于减少汽油消费量的效果增加了还是减少了？请用文字和图形进行解释。
The more elastic the demand curve is, the more effective this tax will be
Greater elasticity of demand means that quantity falls more in response to the rise in the price of gasoline.
e. 征税使得汽油消费者的状况变好了还是变差了？为什么？
hurt by the tax because they get less gasoline at a higher price. d.征税使得石油行业职工的状况变好了还是变差了？为什么？
Hurt..