With a lower quantity of gasoline being produced, some workers may lose their jobs. With a lower price received by producers, wages of workers might decline.
8.教材中有个案例探讨的是美国联邦最低工资法。
a.假设在非熟练劳动市场上，最低工资高于均衡工资。画出非熟练劳动市场的供给和需求图。使用非熟练劳动的供给和需求图，表明市场工资、就业人数、失业人数。另外，请在图中指出支付给非熟练工人的总工资。
In the absence of the minimum wage, the market wage would be w1 and Q1 workers would be employed.
With the minimum wage (wm) imposed above w1, the market wage is wm, the number of employed workers is Q2, and the number of workers who are unemployed is Q3 ? Q2. Total wage payments to workers are shown as the area of rectangle ABCD, which equals wm times Q2.
b.现在假设劳工部长提议提高最低工资。这种政策对就业人数有何影响？就业人数的变化取决于需求弹性还是供给弹性、还是取决于二者亦或不取决于这二者？
decrease employment.
depends only on the elasticity of demand.The elasticity of supply does not matter, because there is a surplus of labor.
c.上述（b）中的政策对失业人数有何影响？失业人数的变化取决于需求弹性还是供给弹性、还是取决于二者亦或不取决于这二者？
increase unemployment.
depends on both the elasticities of supply and demand. The elasticity of demand determines the change in the quantity of labor demanded, the elasticity of supply determines the change in the quantity of labor supplied, and the difference between the quantities supplied and demanded of labor is the amount of unemployment. d.如果非熟练劳动的需求是缺乏弹性的，（b）中的政策增加还是减少了支付给非熟练工人的总工资？如果非熟练劳动的需求是富有弹性的，该问题的答案(变成减少)又是怎样的？
With inelastic demand, the percentage decline in employment would be lower than the percentage increase in the wage, so total wage payments increase.
9.美国政府实施了两种干预香烟市场的项目。一是，媒体宣传和在烟盒上印制警示语，目的在于让公众意识到香烟的危害。二是，农业部对烟农进行价格扶持，即将烟草的价格提高到均衡价格上方。
a. 这两个项目对香烟的消费有何影响？使用香烟市场图说明你的答案。
b. 这两个项目对香烟价格有何综合影响？
The combined effect of the two programs on the price of cigarettes is ambiguous. The education campaign reduces demand for cigarettes, which tends to reduce the price. The tobacco price supports raising the cost of production of cigarettes, which tends to increase the price. The end result on price depends on the relative sizes of these two effects.
c. 香烟的税负也很重。征税对香烟消费有何影响？
further reduces cigarette consumption, because it increases the price to consumers. As shown in the figure, the quantity falls to Q3.
10.红袜队主场所在的芬威球场，最多可坐 39,000 人。因此，供给的门票数量固定在这一数字上。波士顿市发现了增加财政收入的良机：消费者每买一张门票需要缴纳 5 元税收。红袜队的球迷都是热爱公益的市民，他们乖乖地缴税。画图说明税收的影响（准确标出相关数据）。税收负担落在球队老板、球迷还是二者身上？
Since the supply of seats is perfectly inelastic, the entire burden of the tax will fall on the team’s owners.
Ok~11.补贴和税收相反。对冰淇淋买者征税时，消费者每买一个冰淇淋需要缴纳 0.50 元的税收；而在补贴的情形下，消费者每买一个冰淇淋政府就给他 0.50 元。
a.每个冰淇淋补贴 0.50 元的政策，对冰淇淋的需求曲线、买者实际支付的价格、卖者实际得到的价格和冰淇淋的销量分有何影响？
b.这个补贴政策使消费者受益还是遭受损失？生产者呢？政府呢？
12. 2008 年春天，参议员约翰.麦肯恩和希拉里.克林顿（那时他们在竞选总统）提出暂时取消联邦汽油税，该政策只在 2008 年夏季有效，目的是帮助消费者应对较高的汽油价格。
a.在夏天，由于正值度假高峰，汽油需求旺盛，炼油厂几乎满负荷运行。这个事实说明汽油的供给价格弹性是怎样的？inelastic.
b.根据你在（a）中的答案，你认为谁将会从这个暂时性的政策中受益？ If gasoline refineries are operating at near full capacity, supply is likely to be highly inelastic.
b. The burden of a tax falls on the side of the market that is relatively more inelastic. Thus, it will be suppliers who will benefit from the temporary suspension of the federal gasoline tax.
Unit7
1.梅丽莎花了 120 元钱买了一个 iPod，并因此得到 80 元钱的消费者剩余。 a.她的支付意愿为多少？200
b.如果她买的 iPod 是打折品，因此她只花了 90 元钱，这种情形下她的消费者剩余为多少？
c.如果 iPod 的价格为 250 元，她的消费者剩余为多少？
If the price of an iPod was $250, Melissa would not have purchased one because the price is greater than her willingness to pay. Therefore, she would receive no consumer surplus. 2.加利福尼亚州是柠檬的种植基地，过早到来的寒流冻坏了柠檬树。说明柠檬市场上的消费者剩余将会出现什么样的变化。说明柠檬汽水市场上的消费者剩余将会出现什么的样的变化。请借助图形说明。
Note that an event that affects consumer surplus in one market often has effects
on consumer surplus in other markets.
3.假设法式面包（French bread）的需求增加。说明法式面包市场中的生产者剩余的变化。说明面粉市场中的生产者剩余的变化。请借助图形说明。
Note that an event that affects producer surplus in one market leads to effects on producer surplus in related markets.
7.在过去二十年间，平面电视的生产成本已经下降了。请使用这个事实分析下列各个问题。c.假设平面电视的供给非常具有弹性。谁从生产成本下降中获益更大——是消费者还是生产者？
If the supply of stereos is very elastic, then the shift of the supply curve benefits consumers most. To take the most dramatic case, suppose the supply curve were
horizontal, as shown in Figure 12. Then there is no producer surplus at all. Consumers capture all the benefits of falling production costs, with consumer surplus rising from area A to area A + B.
8.四个消费者对理发的支付意愿分如下：
杰瑞：7 元；奥普拉：2 元；艾伦：8 元；菲尔：5 元 四家理发店的生产成本分如下：
A：3 元； B: 6 元； C：4 元； D：2 元。
每个理发店只能为一个人理发。站在效率角度上，应该给几个人理发？哪个理发店应该理发、哪个消费者应该理发？可能的最大总剩余为多少？
Supply equals demand at a quantity of three haircuts and a price between $4 and $5. Firms A, C, and D should cut the hair of Ellen, Jerry, and Phil. Oprah’s willingness to pay is too low and firm B’s costs are too high, so they do not participate. The maximum total surplus is the area between the demand and supply curves, which totals $11 ($8 value minus $2 cost for the first haircut, plus $7 value minus $3 cost for the second, plus $5 value minus $4 cost for the third).
9.假设技术进步降低了计算机的生产成本。 b.计算机和打字机是替代品。使用供给和需求图说明打字机市场中的价格变化、交易
量变化、消费者剩余的变化和生产者剩余的变化。打字机的生产者应该为计算机的生产技术进步感到高兴还是难过？
Typewriter producers are sad because their producer surplus declines.
d.上述分析是否有助于解释为何软件生产商比尔.盖茨成为世界富豪之一吗？
YES, because his company produces a lot of software that is a complement with computers and there has been tremendous technological advance in computers.
10.你的朋友正在考虑使用哪家手机运营商的服务。运营商 A 每个月索要 120 元的服务费，但不限制通话时间。运营商 B 不收取固定的服务费，但规定每分钟话费为 1 元。你朋友每个月的通话时间需求为 QD=150-50P，其中 P 是每分钟通话的费用。
a.你的朋友若使用运营商 A，他额外通话一分钟的成本为多少？若使用运营商 B 呢？With Provider A, the cost of an extra minute is $0. With Provider B, the cost of an extra minute is $1.
b.根据你在（a）中的答案，说明若使用运营商 A，你朋友应该通话几分钟？若使用运营商 B 呢？
With Provider A, my friend will purchase 150 minutes [= 150 – (50)(0)]. With Provider B, my friend would purchase 100 minutes [= 150 – (50)(1)].
c.若你朋友使用运营商 A，他每个月应缴纳多少钱？若使用运营商 B 呢？ With Provider A, he would pay $120. The cost would be $100 with Provider B.
d若使用运营商 A，他的消费者剩余为多少？若使用运营商 B 呢？（提示：画出需求曲线并回顾消费者剩余的几何计算方法。） e.你会建议你朋友使用哪个运营商？为什么？
With Provider A, he buys 150 minutes and his consumer surplus is equal to (1/2)(3)(150) – 120 = 105. With Provider B, his consumer surplus is equal to (1/2)(2)(100) = 100. e. I would recommend Provider A because he receives greater consumer surplus.
11.考虑医疗保险对医疗服务提供量的影响。假设典型的医疗服务的成本为 100 元，但一个拥有医疗保险的人只需要自己支付 20 元，他的保险公司支付剩下的 80 元。（保险公司支付的钱来自它收取的保费，但是被保险人支付的保险费和他接受的医疗服务量无关。） a.画出医疗服务市场的需求曲线。（在你的图中，横轴应该表示医疗服务的数量。）如果每单位医疗服务的价格为 100 元，标示出医疗服务需求量。 b.如果消费者对于每单位医疗服务只支付 20 元，在你的图中标示出医疗服务的需求量。如果每单位医疗服务的成本为 100 元，并且如果每个人都有刚才所说的医疗保险，那么医生提供的医疗服务数量能使总剩余最大吗？请解释。 c.经济学家通常认为医疗保险制度使得人们过度使用医疗服务。为何会出现这种现象，请给出分析。 d.什么样的政策能够阻止这种过度使用的现象？