目 录
Elements of a thesis...................................................................................1 专题毕业论文写作....................................................................................4 英美文学............................................................................................4 翻译理论与实践................................................................................9 英语语言..........................................................................................11 语言与文化......................................................................................13 英语教学法......................................................................................13 毕业论文的开题报告..............................................................................17 引文及参考文献目录格式要求..............................................................21 文献综述撰写的原则和方法..................................................................34 选题参考..................................................................................................38 文学类..............................................................................................38 翻译研究..........................................................................................41 英语语言学......................................................................................42 语言与文化......................................................................................43 英语教学法......................................................................................43 参考书目..................................................................................................45 语言学................................................................................................45 翻译.....................................................................................................49 教学.....................................................................................................50 文化.....................................................................................................52 1
Elements of a thesis
A BA thesis is like a house because both of them have a macrostructure, which has both
obligatory and optional components. Although different universities may have slightly different
requirements in terms of structure of the BA thesis, we would assume that a BA thesis usually has
the following elements of structure:
(1) Title, author, matriculation number, tutor, affiliation, year of submission, etc. Titles are like advertisements where the writer of the paper tries to secure
“customers” through an attractive presentation of his “products.” The reader needs to know as early as possible in the reading process whether or not the paper contains anything that is of relevance to his own work. The title is the earliest point of contact between writer and reader, and it has been established by Bazerman (1985) that academics decide on the basis of the title whether or not to read further. The writer, therefore, must try to design the title in such a way that it will attract the attention of other scientists working within his own narrow specialization. Hence, the
over-arching pragmatic aim must be to inform, and to inform quickly. If he fails to do this, his work may sink into oblivion.
Swales and Feak (1994) maintained that a good research paper title should meet the following requirements:
a. The title should indicate the topic of the study.
b. The title should the scope of the study (neither overstating nor understating its significance).
c. The title should be self-explanatory to readers in chosen area.
In some cases, as they added, it may also be helpful to indicate the nature of the study (experiment, case report, survey, ect.)
(2) Abstract, one in Chinese, one in English; key words
(3) Introduction, which includes brief information concerning the research background, the aims
and objectives, research questions, research method, theoretical framework, data, and the
structure of the thesis .
(4) Literature review and theoretical preliminaries (5) Research method, data analysis (6) Results and discussion (7) Conclusions
(8) Notes, Appendix, References, Acknowledgements
Some of the elements of structure are obligatory, which means that they must appear in the
thesis, while others, notes, appendix, acknowledgements, are optional, that is, they may or may
not appear in the thesis depending on factors such as the nature of the research and the style of writing.
In terms of the layout and Structure of the thesis, some elements of structure may appear in a
single chapter or section, while other elements may be dealt with in different chapters or sections.
For example, in many theses, literature review and theoretical preliminaries each form a single 2
chapter. The abstract
The abstract is the first section of the paper. It usually comes after the title and before the introduction. The abstract provides an overview of the study based on information from the other sections of the paper. The reader can read the abstract to obtain enough information about the study to decide if they want to read the whole paper. Because it contains elements from the whole paper, it is usually written last. A common way to classify abstracts is by whether they merely describe the overall purpose and methods of the research presented in the document, providing a sense of main topics, or, instead, inform readers of specific details of the research, especially the results and conclusions.
The abstract for any article will serve various purposes in the interest of the readers: (1) To indicate to readers quickly whether the full article would be useful to read.
(2) To be extracted (or abstracted) from the full article for separate publication. (3) To provide terminology to assist in literature searches by individuals or by literature retrieval specialists for indexes and computer banks.
In the process of writing the abstract, every word should be examined carefully to see if more words than needed are being used to narrate the story of one’s research. Also consider the fact that editors and reviewers, seeking initial orientation, are likely to first read a paper’s abstract and that this first impression is “perilously close to a final judgment of your final manuscript”. In informative abstract, the closest attention must be given to the language and the sentences that report the research results, understandably the most important and probably the dominant part of the abstract because they hold the new scientific information.
The goal in writing the abstract, as Wilkinson (1991) states, is to convey as much new information as possible to scientists in the same or related discipline in as few words as possible accurately.
Since the objective is the most content possible per word, the abstract is the
densest part of the article. Therefore, authors must first reduce drastically the parts to be included, and then they must eliminate wordiness and repetition. Other elements involved in the process of writing abstracts also require attention. These aspects include certain structural and typographical features, the important of using third person, and the consistent use of past tense.
Huang Ghadessy and Zhang (2004: 66-67) suggest that there are a number of elements in the
abstract which are concerned with answers to the following questions: (1) What is the subject matter/area the research paper is dealing with? (2) What background information is provided by the author(s)? (3) What is the purpose of the present study? (4) How is the research to be done?
(5) What are some of the important findings?
(6) What are some of the implications of the study? Order of Elements Included in an Abstract (1) some background information,
(2) the principal activity (or purpose) of the study and its scope, 3
(3) some information about the methodology used in the study, (4) the most important results of the study,
(5) a statement of conclusion or recommendation. The Introduction
In the Introduction of a thesis, the following sections are usually expected:(1) rationale for the
research (or background to the research, reason /motivation of the research), (2) aims and
objectives, (3) research questions, (4) data, (5) research method, (6)theoretical framework, (7)
structure of the thesis.
The rationale for the research is concerned with the reason, motivation, feasibility, necessity,
appropriateness and/or the background information of the proposed research. The underlying
question is often along the lines of: “Why do we undertake the present research?” On the other hand, the section on structure of the thesis outlines the structure of the whole thesis.
Structure of the Thesis
The thesis is divided into five chapters. In Chapter One, we introduce the theoretical background of the present study, present an outline of the aim and objectives of the study, and
describe the text to be analyzed. In Chapter Two, we give a general review of the relevant
theoretical concepts to be followed in the study, with the focus on the notion of the Textual
Function, and survey the applications of the Textual Function in discourse analysis as well as
its integration with translation studies. In Chapter Three, we examine both the English text
and its Chinese translations from the Textual Functional perspective. In Chapter Four, we
compare and discuss the English text and its Chinese translations in terms of the Textual
Function. Finally, in Chapter Five, we summarize the main findings of t, he study and put
forward some suggestions for future studies. The literature review
The literature review (文献综述) in a BA thesis or an academic paper is part of the secondary
research, and its purposes include: (1) to show what has been previously studied in the field and
what can be improved or modified, (2) to summarize other people’s writings, (3) to define or
review definitions and key concepts, and (4) to clear the ground for your own research. 4
专题毕业论文写作 一、英美文学 （一）基本过程 1、认真阅读原著
研究文学作品，除了反复阅读原著以便熟悉作品本身，还要熟悉作品如下 的内容：
（1）书名和最初出版的日期；
（2）作者的姓名及生卒年代；
（3）主要人物的姓名及其主要性格特征； （4）故事中的其他人物及其主要性格特征； （5）故事梗概；
（6）故事的叙述者和叙述人称（point of view）； （7）故事中描述的事件及事件发生的先后顺序；
（8）主导故事的语气，以及作者对于中心人物或主要事件的态度； （9）简要评说故事的写作风格，并用简短的引文予以说明； （10）故事中的讽刺性描写及其在故事中的作用； （11）用一个句子概括故事的主题；
（12）如果有的话，说出主要象征及其涵义； （13）对故事总的评价，简要地提出自己的观点。 2、酝酿论点
酝酿论点最简单的办法就多问几个“为什么”。如，为什么这些形象在诗中 出现？为什么Hamlet 在为父亲报仇的问题上犹豫不决？ 为什么 Dickens 以孤儿
院背景创作他的Olivertwist？为什么Jane Eyre 离开Rochester 之后，又毅然决然
重返Thornfiled? 3、构思
Diction（用词）Images（形象）Symbols（象征） Figures of speech（比喻）Tones（语气腔调） （二）理解和阐述文学作品的基本方法 小说
解读（explication）就是从头至尾逐字逐句地研读（close reading），并逐句、 甚至逐字地解释一篇故事，或一个剧本、一首诗。解读不仅是读文学作品的基本 方法，也是阐明作品的意思的方法。优秀地解读文章，不仅注重解释细节，同时 也注重解释更大范围的含义。解读主要是耐心地解释意思不很明显，或涵义丰富 的词句、象征、形象等。
分析（analysis）是理解与解释文学作品的一种方法，也是阐明论点的最基 5
本方法。在一篇篇幅较长的论文中，作者不可能始终只用一种方法。解读的方法 可能不时出现在论文中，以阐明涵义深刻、表达含蓄的地方。但用途更广泛的方 法是分析。一篇毕业论文往往以“分析”为最基本或主要的方法，再加上解读和 适当的对比与比较（比较、对比同一个作家的其他作品，或比较、对比其他作家 的类似主题或运用相似技巧的作品）。
小说成分包括：故事情节、叙事方法、人物、象征、比喻、语气、语言风格等。 诗歌
研究一首诗的论文的写作基础，是充分理解诗歌的各种成分。首先要做的是 解读，即逐词逐行地去读这首诗，理解它的每个细节，包括词的字面义和涵义， 语言形象、比喻、典故和象征的意义，以及押韵格式、用词与韵脚的音响效果等。 只有理解诗歌的各种成分，才能更好地理解一首诗的主题。解读一首诗的目的， 就是通过研读理解各成分之间的关系，从而理解各种成分如何发挥作用共同表达 什么意思和达到什么效果。