? 上学期学习主要内容
?
一、换序译法
1) It’s good you're so considerate. 你想得这样周到是很好的。（×这是很好的你想得这样周到。）（主语从句换序）
人，他是现在一个工程师。）（同位语换序）
? 2) Formerly a worker himself, he was now an engineer. 他过去是工人，现在当了工程师了。（×以前的工? 3) On and on Byron talked. (Herman Wouk: The Winds of War) 拜伦滔滔不绝地讲述着。（×滔滔不绝地拜伦讲述着。）（状语换序）
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
二、断句译法
1) It is certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO. 人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。// 这一点是可以肯定的。（拆开名词从句）
2) Because the young man frequently came to the lady’s house, he was regarded as the mistress’s lover. 这个小伙子经常来到太太的家。因此，别人都以为他是这女主人的情人。（拆开状语从句）
3) After the war, his friend Kraemer got him a job as an instructor in an Army training school that paid $ 10,000 a year. 大战结束后，他的朋友克莱摩介绍他到一所军事训练学校去任教，年薪一万美元。（拆开定语从句）
三、转句译法
1) A crashing thunderstorm, with thick rain hissing down from skies black as night, stopped Victor Henry from leaving the White House. (Herman Wouk: The Winds of War) 轰隆几声雷响，从漆黑的天空哗啦啦下起大雨来。维克多·亨利无法离开白宫。（主语转句）
2) After an hour, the trail took them by a low, spreading tree strung thickly with beads. (Alex Haley, Roots) 走了一个时辰光景，他们走到了一棵矮矮的枝繁叶茂的树旁，树上密密麻麻地挂满了念珠。（定语转句） 3) I tried vainly to put the pieces together. (Helen Keller: The Story of My Life) 我想把这些碎片拼在一起，可是拼不起来。（状语转句）
四、合句译法
1) Darkness fell. // An explosion shook the earth. // It did not shake his will to go to the front. 夜幕降落时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没动摇他上前线的决心。
2) That day, the President had an interview with her father. // Her father was going to the moon by space shuttle. 那天，总统会见了她的父亲，因为她的父亲即将乘航天飞机去登月。
3) She is very busy at home. // She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work. 她在家很忙，又要看好孩子，又要下厨。
五、缩句译法
1) It was April 1945. The Second World War was coming to an end. 一九四五年四月，第二次世界大战已接近尾声。（缩为状语）
2) She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill. 她回家去照料病重的丈夫。（缩为定语）
3) Her father became the mayor of the city. He was a murderer in the Second World War. 她的父亲，二次大战中的一个杀人凶手，竟当上了这个城市的市长。（缩为同位语）
六、转态译法
1) She hadn‘t been told Bette’s other name, or she’d forgotten it.（Jack Lindsay: Betrayed Spring） 人家没告诉过她蓓蒂姓什么，要不然也许是她忘了。
2) Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market. 许多人要求建立一个阿拉伯共同市场。
3) He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country. 他说，国务院向他担保美国愿意同他的国家恢复正常关系。
七、正反译法 teen.
? 原文：What they found will surprise no one who has a teen or is a teen or just remembers being a ? 原译：对于任何一个青少年，或者曾经是青少年，再或已成为青少年父母的人来说，这次实验结果都不会令人吃惊。 ? 改译：这一结果引起了那些青少年父母、青少年本人以及对青少年时期仍记忆犹新的人们的共鸣。
本学期学习主要内容
实用词语翻译
1. trade surplus 2. mean temperature 3. high seas 4. aviation and marine insurance 5. foreign exchange dealing
1. 贸易顺差 2. 平均温度 3 公海 4. 航空和海事保险业 5. 外汇交易
6. Land Nationalization and Single Tax 7. a documentary film 8. a nuclear family 9. brain shrinkage 10. money flow
6. 土地国有化和单一税制 7. 纪录片 8. 小家庭 9. 大脑萎缩 10.货币流量
实用词语翻译
11. 经济全球化 12. 基本生活费 13. 硅谷 14. 环保产业 15. 实现软着陆
11. economic globalization 12. basic allowances
13. Silican Valley14. environmental protection industry 15. to pull off a soft landing
16. 生态农业 17. 国际经济新秩序 18. 产能过剩 19. 东南亚国家联盟20. 可持续性发展
16. environment(ally)-friendly agriculture 17. a new international economic order 18. over-capacity
19. ASEAN (Assiociation of Southeast Asian Nations) 20. sustainable development
修辞翻译要点
1.译文要明确无误；
2.翻译要讲究?°语工?±； 3.行文要文约而事丰； 4.叙事层次要分明；
5.文顺字顺，承上启下，自然流畅； 6.选词要适当，用词要得体； 7.恰当运用汉语四字词组；
8.保持原文的修辞方法，灵活运用译入语的修辞方法。
译文要明确无误
试比较下段文字的两种译法：
Even Mr. Lincoln was mocked as country yokel, but saved the Union and still presides in marble on the edge of the Potomac (波拖马可河).
译文1 想当初，不是林肯先生也曾被人讥笑为―乡巴佬―么？而他却拯救了联邦，至今其大理石雕像仍然雄踞于波拖马可河畔呢！ 译文2 甚至林肯先生也曾被讥笑为―乡巴佬―，可他是联邦的拯救者，迄今波拖马可河畔仍然矗立着他的大理石雕像。
译文力求文约而事丰
1．It is no use doing what you like; you have to like what you do. 爱一行干一行不行，要干一行，爱一行。 2．No admittance for passengers. 游客止步。
3．It is easer to marry than unmarry. 结婚容易离婚难。
4．One can‘t be too careful in matters like this. 在这个问题上越谨慎越好。
翻译必须讲究“语工”
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on his continent a new nation, covered in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
八十七年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上建立了一个以自由为理想，以人人平等为宗旨的新国家。（许渊冲译）
叙述层次要分明
即按照汉语语言习惯，该先说的先说，比不拘泥于原文的语序；该采用意合法的采用意合法（Parataxis）,不必死抠原文的连接词语；语篇要贯通，尽量避免前后脱节或语言梗阻。
Mammoth(庞大的) complexes of cities are developing in the area of the East Coast and the East North-Central states, on the Pacific and Gulf coasts, and near the shores of the Great Lakes.
在美国东海岸一带，中北部偏东的几个州，太平洋和墨西哥湾沿岸，以及大湖湖滨附近，庞大的城市群体正在崛起。
文从字顺，承上启下，自然流畅
Spring has no speech, nothing but rustling and whispering. Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streamers, and in its sweet restless seeking!
春天没有语言，只有湘枫低吟，春花怒放，春叶茁发，春水奔流，春天欢腾地、无休止地追逐着，这一切比语言要丰富得多。
选词要适当，用词要得体
主要指翻译要考虑原文的文体特征、作者的风格特征，以及所涉及的人物（如文学作品）的性格、年龄、受教育的程度、社会地位等特征。 请仔细阅读下列句子，找出其文体特征： 1．Tourism for Development
旅游促进发展（广告用语）（语言精练）
2． A ―wise man‖ is one who hears the overall situation in mind, puts the general interests above all and grasp the major issues. 所谓―贤者‖，就是要顾大局，识大体，抓大事。（政论）
适当运用汉语的四字词组
四字词组在汉语中特别活跃。在翻译中成功运用四字词组，可以使译文生动、形象、有力。 请试用四字词组翻译下述例句：
1. The policemen went among the villagers in disguise and saw if there were straws in the wind. 警察身着便服到村民中去查访，看看有无蛛丝马迹可寻。
2. A month ago he was a man of mould, today he seemed truly touched by divine spirit, which spiritualized and elevated him. 一个月前，他还是个凡夫俗子；今天，他似乎真正得到了圣灵的造化，超凡入圣了。 尽量保留原文的修辞方法，或灵活利用译入语的修辞方法，以增强译文的力量或效果。 保留原有句法结构的重复
Energy imports and consumptions must be reduced, competition enhanced by rigid enforcement of pertinent laws, and general monetary growth retained.
能源的进口和消耗必须减少，竞争必须通过相关法律的严格实施来加强，货币的总增长必须限制。
辞格与翻译
修辞格可以划分为三类: 可译; 难译; 不能译. 一、 直译法 —对可译的辞格: 尽可能直译
(一) 明喻; 暗喻; 拟人; 夸张
练习
Your soul is as pure as snow, your personality is as noble as pine trees! All praise to you, our beloved teacher.
您的心灵像雪一样纯净，您的人格像青松一般高 洁！赞美您，敬爱的老师。（明喻） B. 暗喻; Metaphor
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A figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common.
? 1)何等动人的一页又一页篇章! 这是人类思维的花朵。
What inspiring chapters! They are the flowers of the human brainwork. ? 2)霎时间, 东西长安成了喧腾的大海。
At once, the Eastern and Western Chang‘an Roads became roaring oceans. ? 3)Jane‘s uncle is an old fox, up to all kinds of evils. 珍妮的叔叔是个老狐狸, 什么坏事都干得出来. ? 4)After that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次长谈之后, 吉姆成了她心中的太阳.
? 英语句式十分灵活，而且有些习语，由于文化的浸染，在翻译中，我们必须考虑到译语的需要并作出适当的调整。 ? 例如：drink like a fish. ? 牛饮(不宜译作―鱼饮‖) ? as cunning as a dead pig
? 像狐狸一样狡猾(不宜译作―像死猪一样狡猾‖，涉及形象的转换) ? 翻译时应当尽最大可能保留原文特点。
? My life is one long curve, full of turning points. 我的一生是一条长长的曲线，转择点多极了。（本体tenor、喻体vehicle和喻
底ground同现）
? If the fatherland is sound, my personal troubles are only a flea bite. 只要祖国安然无恙，我个人的烦恼只不过是跳蚤咬的一口。
(本体和喻体同现)
? Investments in restructuring companies involves substantial risks, and deciphering the details of a company‘s finances and ? ?
plans for re-emergence is akin to penetrating a legal jungle. 对重整中的公司进行投资，要冒很大的危险。要弄清楚公司的财务细节与摆脱困境重新出头的计划，犹如读遍堆积如山的六法全书。（本体隐含） A silver plate is rising up in the sky. 一个银盘子从天边升起。（直译法）
While they concentrate on attacking GM crops, the plants‘ conventionally bred cousins could sneak into Europe through the back door.当人们集中精力抨击基因作物时，那些通过传统方法培育的同类作物便悄然地进入欧洲市场。(意译法) ? Yet another possibility is that the steady growth in the number of clinical categories for mental illness is fueling a kind of
―disease inflation‖. 然而，另一种可能性是精神病临床种类数目的稳步增加速度导致一种所谓的―疾病膨胀‖现象——精神病范围的盲目扩大。（直译加解释） 练习
? ?
This film star is a nine days wonder; I doubt whether anyone will remember her in a year‘s time.
这位电影明星现在红极一时（也指昙花一现），但我认为一年以后人们不见得还记得她。（暗喻）
C 拟人; personification
A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities 2) 每条岭都是那么温柔, 虽然下自山脚, 上至岭顶, 长满了珍贵的林木, 可是谁也不孤峰突起, 盛气凌人.
All the ridges were so amiable. None of them stood above the others with arrogance, though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.
3) How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year! 时间, 这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷, 盗窃了我二十又三年飞走了.
这一辞格就是把人以外的无生命之物后有生命之物当作人来描写, 并把它写得既有人的动作又有人的思想感情, 在汉语和英语里均是如此.
所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写，赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化 。
The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.
新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.（采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.）
? Then night, like some great loving mother, gently lays her hand at our fevered head, and turns our little tear–stained face up to
hers, and smiles, and, though she does not speak, we know that she would say and lay our hot, flushed cheek against her bosom and the pain is gone.
夜像一个慈祥伟大的母亲，轻轻地把她的手放在我们发烫的额头上，把我们沾满泪水的小脸扭向她的面孔，微笑着，虽然她不说话，但我们知道她会说些什么。她把我们烧得发烫的面颊靠在她的胸上，疼痛也就消失了。
? The one in the brown suit gaped at her. Blue suit grinned, might even have winked. But big nose in the grey suit still stared and
he had small angry eyes and did not even smile.
穿棕色衣服的人目瞪口呆地盯着她，蓝衣服笑着，甚至还使了个眼色。但是穿灰衣服的大鼻子仍然凝视着，他长着一双红肿的小眼睛，脸上没有笑容。
D. 夸张; Hyperbole
Hyperbole is the use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech.
? 1)突然, 在我们头顶五六丈的上空, 发出一声可怕的霹雳, 闪电像利剑一样直插下来, 天空被彻底吹裂了,震碎了!
All of a sudden, there came a terrible thunder-clap about fifth feet directly above our heads, and a bolt thrust downward like a sharp sword. The sky was brought into pieces.
? 2) 我从乡下跑到京城里, 一转眼已经六年了。 Six years have passed by in a twinkle since I came to the capital city from the
countryside.
? 3)He ran down the avenue, making a noise like ten horses at a gallop.他在林荫道上跑着, 发出的声音就像十匹马在奔腾。 ? 夸张在汉语和英语里都是常用的修辞格, 用以加强语气, 增强语言的感染力, 有意夸大或缩小事物的某一方面, 从而获得更好
的表达效果. 翻译中采取直译能把语言的感染力带到译文里。
? 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用―言过其实‖的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中
夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发 。例如：
? We were tired to death on reaching the peak.
我们爬到山顶后，简直要累死了。
? I'd give the world to see you.
我十分想见你。
? For she was beautiful--her beauty made the bright world dim, and everything beside seemed like the fleeting image of shade.
因为她太漂亮了——她的美使光灿的世界黯然失色，她身边的一切都像是瞬间而逝的烟云。（恰如其分地道出她的美）
? It's a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day.
今天阳光明媚，躲在家中，实在是罪过。
用 crime一词强烈地表达出作者想要外出的心情，一种迫不及待的心情跃然纸上。
? I could feel her pain as she must have felt mine on a thousand occasions when I had sought comfort in her arms.
在小男孩的心目中，妈妈一直是那么的坚强、勇敢，但是当小男孩第一次看见妈妈哭泣的时候，他突然感觉到了妈妈也和他一样有失败、有痛苦，就像妈妈过去千百次体会到他的痛苦一样。例句中的a thousand occasions利用数字进行夸大渲染，体现了妈妈对儿子的关爱之情。
? When I heard the news, each hair on my head seemed to be standing on end.
当我听到那个消息时，头上的每根头发都好像倒竖了起来。
这一例句的翻译，应该充分发挥想象力，运用形象思维，进入原文描绘的情境当中，对译文进行适当的形象处理，以达到理想的效果。
? They were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions. 他们比雄鹰还敏捷，他们比雄师还强壮。 ? A thousand thanks for your kindness. 万分感谢你的盛情。
? A young girl brought the house down with a ballet dance. 一位年轻的姑娘跳了一个芭蕾舞博得全场喝彩。 ? On Sundays I have a thousand and one things to do. 星期天我有许多事情要做。
? Every lover sees a thousand graces in the beloved object.一千种魅力/情人眼里出西施。 ? Blood streams down from his forehead.他的前额血流如注。
? With a wild incommunicable joy in his heart, he whispered to himself, ―I am the happiest man in the world.‖ 使用最高级/他那
狂喜的心情难以表达出来，于是自言自语道：―我是世界上最幸福的人了。‖
练习
? 1. Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination. ? 2. Youth slips away without being fully enjoyed.
? 3. A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop. ? 4. Her face was a fair index to her disposition.
? 5. When in a fury, she is more savage than a tigress.
青春还没有被完全品位就已经悄悄溜走了。拟人
3. A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop.
? 1. Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination.夸张 这里的财富数不胜数，几乎超出想象。 ? 2. Youth slips away without being fully enjoyed.
?
? 一位警察招手要我从长蛇般的车流中出来，并挥旗叫我停下。暗喻 ? 4. Her face was a fair index to her disposition.
暗喻 她的脸部表情清楚地显示出她的个人气质
5. When in a fury, she is more savage than a tigress. 明喻 她比母老虎还要凶狠. (比较级) 实用词语翻译 1. trade deficit 2. continental shelf 3. different schools in literature
4. coastal erosion 5. medical disputes
1. 贸易逆差 2. 大陆架 3. 文学各种流派 4. 沿海地区水土流失 5. 医疗纠纷 6. mental decline 7. cost of inquiry 8. money laundering
9. State of the Union Message 10. shuttle diplomacy
6. 智力衰退 7. 咨询费 8. 洗钱 9. 国情咨文 10.穿梭外交 11. 知识产权 12. 国际货币基金组织
13. 西部大开发 14. 辛亥革命 15. 丝绸之路