笔译总结(6)

2018-11-27 17:09

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获得平等的机会 PE腐败

Private Equity corruption (私募股权投资) Smoking gun 确凿证据

Cold shoulder (俗)冷淡,轻视 Live a loose life 过着放荡生活 Free love 乱爱 ICU

重症监护室=Intensive Care Unit 实用词语翻译

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中国特色社会主义

socialism with Chinese characteristics 基础设施建设

infrastructure construction 节能市场机制

energy-saving market mechanism 醉驾

drunk driving 新兴经济

emerging economy 经济增长模式 economic growth mode 国际惯例

international practice clean energy 清洁能源 rule of law 法制

capacity building 能力培养 hit-and-run 肇事逃逸

global climate change 全球气候变化 green house emission 温室排放

peaceful coexistence 和平共处 media publicity 媒体宣传

improve people‘s livelihood 改善人民生活 incentive policy 激励政策

英汉语言特征对比

Comparisons between English and Chinese Language Features

英汉词汇表达对比

Comparisons in English and Chinese Dictions

英汉句法结构对比

Comparisons in English and Chinese Sentence Structures

实用词语翻译 1. trade deficit 2. continental shelf 3. different schools in literature

4. coastal erosion 5. medical disputes

1. 贸易逆差 2. 大陆架 3. 文学各种流派 4. 沿海地区水土流失 5. 医疗纠纷 6. mental decline 7. cost of inquiry 8. money laundering

9. State of the Union Message 10. shuttle diplomacy

6. 智力衰退 7. 咨询费 8. 洗钱 9. 国情咨文 10.穿梭外交 11. 知识产权 12. 国际货币基金组织

13. 西部大开发 14. 辛亥革命 15. 丝绸之路 11. intellectual property right 12. International Monetary Fund 13. Development of West Regions

14. the Revolution of 1911 15. the Silk Road 16. 地大物博 17. 科技进步 18. 集装箱港口 19. 市政府 20. 科学发展观 16. vast size and resources

17. scientific and technological improvement

18. a container port 19. the municipal government 20. scientific outlook on development (二) 讳饰; 转喻; 省略

? A. 讳饰;委婉 Euphemism

?

? euphemism来源于希腊语euphemismos,就是good/pleasant speech(好听的话、优雅的说法之意)。

? 在现实生活中,有一些事物或行为不宜过于直率地表达出来,于是用一种不明说的,能使人感到愉快的或含糊的说法,代替

具有令人不悦的含义或不够尊敬的表达方法,避开“直言不讳”(call a spade a spade),采用(beat around the bush)的策略完成交际意图,这就是委婉语。

Euphemisms are mild, agreeable, or roundabout words used in place of coarse, painful, or offensive ones.

委婉语是一种重要修辞手法,普遍存在于各种语言之中。它具有协调人际关系,维持正常交往等重要社会交际功能。

? 由于委婉语会采用一些比较抽象或者是模棱两可的概念,运用比喻或者是褒义等手法,使谈话双方能够间接的谈论不宜直说

的事情,在翻译过程中,要注意把握其交际意图,努力再现说话者的语气。

? 以money为例:In his scale of values he places power and economics at the top of the list. 这里说话人就是用 economics (经济)

来代替 money(金钱),这样可弱化事物,达到语用效果。

? 又如在一个野外旅行的场景当中,女友对男友说 Wait a minute, I want to pick a daisy. 如果你把它翻译成―等一等,我想去摘

一朵菊花‖,那可就要闹笑话了,因为她说的 to pick a daisy 是―方便‖的委婉语,不妨译成―我去去就来‖或其他一些为委婉的表达,而不至于掉入误译的陷阱。

? 1)―你在这里…呆了好久?‖ 成岗不愿对孩子说出那个可怕的 ―关‖字, 改口说成了 ―呆了好久‖。

? ―Hong long have you been staying here?‖ Cheng Gang avoided using that terrible phrase ―locked up.‖ ? 2)尤氏道: ―我也暗暗地叫人预备了。—就是那件东西, 不得好木头, 且慢慢地办着罢。‖

? ―I‘ve secretly sent people to get things prepared. But they haven‘t found good wood for that thing yet, so we have to wait.‖ (原

文用 ―那件东西‖ 来暗指 ―棺材‖, 译文用 ?that thing ―来代替 ―coffin ―, 译文读者是能够理解的。)

? ―死亡‖的说法古今中外不胜枚举,在汉语里,有―崩‖或―驾崩‖、―驾鹤归西‖、―羽化飞天‖、―圆寂‖、―仙逝‖、 ―香消玉殒‖、

―玉碎珠沉‖等。现在,人们常用―长眠了‖、―停止呼吸‖等一些委婉的表达方式。英语中死亡的委婉说法有数百种之多:to pass away (离开),to go to sleep (长眠),to go to heaven (上西天) ,to be no more (不在了),to join the majority (加入了大多数),to go to glory expire (去了光荣的国度) ,corpse (跨了),depart(离开), kick the bucket(蹬腿), breathe one‘s last(停止了呼吸)

等等。

? 社会职业。西方社会职业的高低、贵贱十分明显,一些社会地位低下的人对自己职业的卑微很敏感,出于虚荣心,希望自己

的职业能有一个好听的名称。

? 秘书——administrative assistant(行政助理) ? 保姆maid——domestic-help(内务助手) ? 老人 —— senior citizen (年长公民)

? 清洁工——sanitary engineer(卫生工程师)

? 失业out of job——between jobs,to be developing a new project,to be self-employed,相当于汉语的―待业‖,―找工作当中‖。 ? 屠夫butcher——meat technologist (肉类技术专家),

? 贫民窟——substandard housing(不标准的住宅)或special area (特殊区)

这些职业的委婉说法很大程度上是出于礼貌,并且与社会的发展进步是分不开的。

? 此外,一些禁忌话语也会被委婉的说法取代,例如如果说到某位女士已pregnant(怀有身孕) ,听者就会联想到―挺得高高的肚

子‖。若说她是eating for two(吃双份饭) 的人,就能淡化―挺着大肚子‖概念。用expecting或in the family way也可表达同样的意思。

? 在商业、广告方面,现今人们为了使自己的行业赢得他人的喜欢,有些关于行业的委婉用词越来越广泛。如industry这个词

最初只限于使用机器制造成品的企业,如今几乎一切能够产生利润的部门,都可用这一词。

? 如extractive industry(博彩业) ? women?s beauty industry(美容业) ? tourist industry(旅游业)

? 商店里的鸡蛋,不应再分大蛋,小蛋,而被称为large,medium,standard。 ? 在广告方面,旧汽车不再叫old car或

second-hand,而叫做pre-owned car尽管新的说法并不能改变现实,但这些说法使听者得到了一种精神上的安慰。 意义

? 熟悉和掌握英语中的委婉表达,在译入的时候 ? 一方面可以尽量避免误译,

? 另一方面则可丰富表达形式,体现出原文的文体特征,甚至是为译文增添色彩。 ? B. 转喻;借代 Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept.

? 借代反映了两个密切相关的事物的现实关系,它是借用伴随或附属于某一事物的名称来代替某事物。它常利用人名、动植物

名、职业、建筑物或地名等作为喻体,如用White House (白宫) 指代美国政府,用dove (鸽子) 象征和平等。

? The kettle is boiling. 壶里的水开了。 ? 这是用容器代替被盛的东西。

? Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon)

书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则需咀嚼消化。

? 句中把读书比作吃东西,形象而又不失深刻。 ? Every life has its roses and thorns.

人生自有甘苦。

这里的roses (玫瑰花) 和thorns (荆棘) ,喻代生活中的happiness (甜美) 和misery(痛苦)。日常生活中有鲜花也有荆棘,比喻人生充满着酸甜苦辣。

? 1)秃头站在白背心的略略正对面, 弯了腰, 去研究背心上的文字。 Baldy, standing almost directly opposite White Jerkin,

stooped to study the characters written on his jerkin.

? 2)季交恕写好了黎元洪 ―自愿投笔从戎‘ 的半万言书.

? Jiaoshu had finished his five-thousand-word letter addressed to Li Yuanhong to the effect that he wished to ―throw away the

pen and take up the sword in defense of the country.‖ (不必译成 give up intellectual pursuits for a military career.)

? 2)季交恕写好了黎元洪 ―自愿投笔从戎‘ 的半万言书.

? Jiaoshu had finished his five-thousand-word letter addressed to Li Yuanhong to the effect that he wished to ―throw away the

pen and take up the sword in defense of the country.‖

(不必译成 give up intellectual pursuits for a military career.)

? But you have not seen my Corots. They are in the music room. (Oscar Wilde)

可是你还没有看见我收藏的科罗特的风景画,它们挂在我的音乐室里。

科罗特(1796—1875)是法国著名画家,以擅长风景画闻名。句中用科罗特代替他的风景画,类似这种修辞手法还有用人名代替其著作,用处所或容器代替其中的人和物,用标志性或特殊物体指代一个大的整体等等。 ? Young men are suggested to read Shakespeare. 年轻人应该去读一读莎士比亚。

这里的Shakespeare 代指的就是the works written by Shakespeare。一谈到要阅读―莎士比亚‖(Shakespeare),人们脑海中马上联想到莎士比亚写的作品。

? And since Washington‘s budget alchemy permits the current generation to spend whatever it wants on retiree income and

health programs and pass the tab on to their children, who wants to pay more? ——Newsweek , April 13 , 1992

既然美国政府所耍的预算法术容许这一代在退休金和医疗计划方面随意花钱,而把账单推给他们的孩子来付,那谁还愿意多缴税? (Washington代指美国政府)

C. 省略; Ellipsis

? In linguistics, ellipsis or elliptical construction refers to the omission from a clause of one or more words that would otherwise be required by the remaining elements.

? 1) ―你姓什么?‖ ― What‘s your surname?‖

? ―陈.‖ (=―我姓陈.‖) ―Chen.‖ (= My surname is Chen.)

? ―你叫什么名字?‖ ―And your name?‖ (= ―And what‘s your name?‖ ? ―昌奉.‖ (=―我的名字叫昌奉.) ―Changfeng.‖ (= My name is Changfeng.)

(三) 移就;反语;递降

? A. 移就; Hypallage

transferred epithet

? A figure of speech in which the epithet表示特征的词 is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another to which it

does not really belong.

? 移就是英语中常用的一种修辞格,指的是甲乙两者相关联,把原用来说明甲的修饰语转用来修饰与它根本不同属性的乙,其

特点是不直接说明它所修饰对象的性质、形象或特色,而是与不同属性的词搭配,使其具备一种字面以外的联想意义。

? a sleepless bed ? brutal plan

? surprised disapproval

? 例如:The big man crashed down on a protesting chair.

大个子一屁股坐了下来,椅子吱吱嘎嘎地作响,好像是在提抗议似的。

例句中的protesting常用来说明人的行为,现移用来修饰具体事物chair,既生动又幽默,为表达原文的这种让人忍俊不禁的效果,a protesting chair不宜译为―抗议的椅子‖,上面的译文也正是通过意译的方式更明确地传达了原文的内涵意义。

? There was a short, thoughtful silence. Then he said, ―Dad, you have just worked a profound change in my personality.‖ ? 电话里出现了短暂的沉默,思考片刻后,他接着说道:―爸爸,您刚才的话使我深受启迪,让我恍然大悟。‖

译文并没有死扣原文,而是将形容词thoughtful转译成动词,顿使译文表达清楚,自然流畅。 1) 位置还原法 例句:When I‘m having trouble with a story and think about giving up, or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way Mother did.

每当我写文章遇到困难想打退堂鼓时,或是自叹不走运时,我就往那台破旧的打字机里卷进一张纸,像妈妈当年一样,一个字一个字地吃力地打着。

painful word中显然painful应该是用来修饰人的,所以分析完了后,我们就可以将它还原到该修饰的词语的地方,让译文make sense。

? 2)变换结构

例句:An expensive failure can be made into an asset if you‘ve learnt from it。

失败的代价虽然昂贵,但是只要你能从中吸取教训,它就能化为一笔财富。

对例句应作深层次的分析,expensive failure如何译成汉语?这就需要结构的转换。译文将作定语的expensive转换成谓语,并增添―代价‖二字使非常规的搭配变为常规搭配,再与谓语―昂贵‖构成主述结构,使句子易被读者接受。

? 1)然而悲惨的皱纹, 却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了. Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his

mouth.

? 2)广场上又烧起欢乐的篝火. Jubilant bonfires were lit again on the square.

? 3) After a happy day, she had a sleepless night.她在度过欢乐的一天之后, 却又熬过一个不眠之夜.

? 4) In the examination, the boy threw a nervous glance at the teacher, who was obviously suspicious of his cheating.在考场上,

那个男孩用紧张的眼光瞥了老师一眼, 老师显然怀疑到他在作弊.

? 英语移就是一种颇具特色的修辞手法,其有悖逻辑却又合乎逻辑的超常规搭配常给人耳目一新的感觉,言简意丰,生动形象,

因而被广泛应用于各种文体当中。

? 翻译时,要对原文中的移就辞格进行充分的分析,从表层结构的临时修饰看透其深层结构的语义关系和逻辑关系,彻底理解

移就所传达的情感和语义信息,根据不同的语境,运用恰当的翻译策略,将这一生动形象的修辞手段完美地传译出来。

B: 反语 Irony

?

Irony is an implied discrepancy 不一致between what is said and what is meant. The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; a statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.

当直译不产生误解时,直译。

If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarettes,don't listen…They're probably trying to trick you into living. (广告语)如果有人苦口婆心地劝你戒烟,不要理他——他们大概是想骗你活得长久些。

The most happy marriage I can picture or imagine to myself would be the union of a deaf man to a blind woman. 我能描绘和想象得出的最美满的婚姻,当是聋男和盲女的结合。

但是,当直译不能传情达意时,应不拘泥于原文字面,采用补偿或变通的译法。

They were,in fact,very fine ladies; not deficient in good-humor when they were pleased, nor in the power of being agreeable when they chose it; but proud and conceited. (J.Austen:Pride and Prejudice)

事实上,她们都是非常好的小姐;她们并不是不会谈笑风生,问题是在要碰到她们高兴的时候;她们也不是不会待人和颜悦色,问题在于她们是否乐意这样做;可惜的是,她们一味骄傲自大。

This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. 这位勤奋的小伙子每周读书很少超过一个小时。

这里的hard - working 实指lazy , 深刻地讽刺了他的懒惰。

教材:What a noble illustration of the Tender Laws of his favoured country! —They let the paupers go to sleep! 他们竟允许穷人睡觉!这是多么高尚的例证,说明他那行善的国家法律是多么仁慈!

句中作者故意运用了 noble, tender, favoured 这些反语以讽刺那个所谓仁慈的国家法律。 教材

—―The boy has broken another glass,‖ said the mother —―A fine thing!‖ the father replied. —母亲说: ―小家伙又打碎了一个杯子.‖ —父亲回答道 ―好得很!‖

C: 突降; Anticlimax

Anticlimax:The usually sudden transition in writing or speaking from an idea of significance or dignity to an idea trivial or ludicrous by comparison especially at the close of a series, sentence, or passage, as a love of God, justice, and sports cars. 从重要的,崇高的话题突降到不重要,卑微的话题即从一个高潮突然降到低潮给人以轻松、幽默、诙谐的感觉。 The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes. 战士的职责就是保卫祖国和剥土豆皮。 For God, for America, and for Yale. 为了上帝,为了美国,也为了耶鲁。

He lost his empire, his family and his fountain pen. 他失去了帝政,失去了家庭,失去了钢笔。 练习

The weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. 气象员说天气挺暖和。他大概是在洗澡堂里量气温的吧。(反语) 练习

? ?

If you choose to waste your time and so risk failing you in exam, that‘s your funeral .

如果你一定要浪费时间,甘冒考试落第之结果,此乃阁下之事矣。(反语)


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