? within EU or elsewhere
? by the government or by any government
? ?
? Chapter 3 Foreign Exchange Administration under Capital Account 资本项目外汇管理
? Chapter 4 Administration of the Foreign Exchange Business of Financial Institution金融机构外汇业务管理 ? Chapter 5 Administration of RMB Exchange Rate and Foreign Exchange Market 人民币汇率和外汇市场 ? Chapter 6 Supervision and Administration监督管理 ? Chapter 7 Legal Responsibility 法律责任 ? Chapter 8 Supplementary Provisions 附则
法律术语
中华人民共和国外汇管理条例
Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration
Chapter 1 General Provisions 总则
Chapter 2Foreign Exchange Administration under the Current Account 经常项目外汇管理
? 第四十七条 Article 47
? 国际收支平衡the balance of international payments
? 经常项目外汇收入\\支出the foreign exchange incomes\\expenditure ? 境外机构overseas institution ? 境内个人domestic individual ? 资本项目capital account
? 徇私舞弊、滥用职权、玩忽职守practice favoritism and engage in irregularities, abuse his power, neglect his duties
例: When an Employer hires an Employee, it shall truthfully inform him as to the content of the work, the working conditions, the
place of work, occupational hazards, production safety conditions, labor compensation and other matters which the Employee requests to be informed about.
?
译文： 用人单位招用劳动者时, 应当如实告知劳动者工作内容、工作条件、工作地点、职业危害、安全生产状况、劳动报酬,以及劳动者要求了解的其他情况。(《中华人民共和国劳动合同法》) 3. 句子冗长, 晦涩难懂
法律文书的另外一个显著的特点是: 各种修饰语层层叠加, 位置灵活, 长句居多。从句式使用上来看, 大都采用陈述句, 很
少使用疑问句, 祈使句和感叹句。完整的长句的使用可以准确界定这种权利和义务关系, 排除被曲解或误解的可能性。这些长句往往含有许多分句或定语、状语等附加成分的简单句或复合句。这些定语对各词性术语的内涵和外延进行精确地界定, 而状语界定了履行权利和义务的条件、方式、地点和时间等。
? ? ?
法律英文给人的感觉是含糊不清、晦涩难懂、不知所云。从句子的结构来看, 担任句子的主语、宾语的名词或是状语成分之内的名词都可能带有很长而复杂的修饰语。如果将一般法律文书作适当的切分, 我们很容易发现法律语言大都是由众多的名词词组按照各种关系组合起来的。另外, 法律文书为了语意的准确, 常常违背常规地安排修饰语的位置。 以保险单为例:
If UPON THE DEATH OF THE LIFE INSURED
There shall be no duly constituted personal representative or nominee or assignee of the Life Insured able and willing to
give a valid receipt for the sum payable such sum may in the discretion of the Commit tee of Management be paid to one or more of the next- of- kin of the Life Insured whose receipt shall effectually discharge the Society from all liability under this policy.
? 首先, 在to give a valid receipt for the sum payable 之后作一切分, 找出主干。不难发现这是一个条件状语从句, 共有两个条
件, 一是if the Life Insured is dead; 二是if there shall be no duly constituted personal representative or nominee or assignee of the Life Insured able and willing to give a valid receipt for sum payable. 主句为such sum( money ) may be paid to one or more of the next-kin of the Life Insured, Life Insured之后又有一个定语从句。
?
译文: 投保人去世时, 如无适当委任之人代表或指定人或代理人能够愿意为取得应付款额出示有效收据, 此笔款额可由管理委员会酌情付于投保人之最近亲属; 一旦该最近亲属接受付款后保险公司即不负有本保险单规定之责任。 4. 法律文体中情态动词的运用特征
法律法规是对绝大多数人的利益的维护,是立法者意志的体现,是对人们行为的规范,带有一定的权威性和强制性。因此,
法律文体中经常使用情态动词may或 shall来表达―可以‖、―应该‖、―必需‖等概念。
例1:A joint venture shall observe the laws and regulations of the People‘s Republic of China in all its activities. 合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法规的规定。(《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》)
例2:A party may only assign its share in the registered capital with the agreement of the other parties to the venture.合营者的注册资本如果转让必须经合营各方同意。(《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》)
? 禁止抢采掠青、毁坏母树。
? 译文：Plundering of unripe seeds and doing damage to other trees are prohibited. 1.四个必要词：?°为了?±、?°根 据?±、?°结合?±、?°制定?±。
? 第一条 为加强市容和环境卫生管理，创造和维护整洁、优美的市容环境，保障人民身体健康，促进经济发展和社会文明进步，
根据有关法律、法规，结合本市实际情况，制定本条例。
? 译文：Article 1 These Regulations are enacted in accordance with pertinent laws and regulations and in light of the concrete conditions of this Municipality, with the purpose of strengthening the administration of cityscape and environmental sanitation, creating and maintaining a clean, beautiful cityscape and environment, protecting people?s health, promoting economic growth, civilization and progress of society.
1. 一般情况下，翻译罚则只要在规定前边加一个“不”字即可。
? 违反前款第〈一〉项规定的, 责令即时清除, 并处五十元以上一百元以下罚款……
? 译文：Anyone that violates paragraph (1) of the preceding article shall be ordered to (责令)clean the litter immediately and
shall be imposed a fine（处以罚款） of not less than RMB 50 yuan but not more than RMB 100 yuan; … 首先要说本条例从何时起生效，有的时候还要说明以前制定的某某条例同时废止。
? 第五十九条 本条例自公布之日起施行。1998年2月25目天津市第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会第四十次会议通过的《天津
市环境卫生管理条例》同时废止。
? 译文：Article 59 These Regulations shall become effective as from the date of promulgation. The Regulations of Tianjin Municipality on Environmental Sanitation that was adopted at the 40th Session of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth Tianjin Municipal People?s Congress on February 25， 1998 shall be abrogated simultaneously.
法律英语如何翻译要点
?
最早对法律文书进行研究的英国律师George Coode曾提出法律中典型的条件句所具有的四种成分, 即情形、条件、法律主体和法律行为 (case, condition, legal subject, legal action) , 前两个成分为事实情况 (fact situation) , 后两种成分为法律陈述 (statement )。
关于译文表达
? 例一：李明在中国居住期间没有受过刑事制裁。
? 译文：Li Ming has not been punished according to the criminal law during his living in China.
? 正译：Li Ming has no record of committing offences against the criminal law during his residence in China.
?
? 译文：This letter of Guarantee will come into force from this day and will lose its effect when your company has received all the ?
usance drafts accepted by the Buyer and endorsed by our Bank.
正译：This letter of Guarantee shall come into force on its issuing draft and remain valid until you have received all the usance drafts accepted by the Buyer and endorsed.
Some Legal Terms
案件 case
关于译文表达
例二：本保证书自即日起生效。有效期将于贵恭喜收到全部已经买方承兑和我行背书保证的远期汇票之日终止。
?
? 案件受理费 litigation fee ? 案由 nature of case ? 颁布 issue
? 办案 handle a case ? 办理 deal with
? 包庇罪 crime of concealing the murder
? 保税区 bonded area
? 保险法 insurance law
? 保险凭证 insurance certificate
Some Legal Terms
? 保证人，担保人 guarantor ? 保证条款 warranty
? 被裁定为 be adjudged to be
? 被告人辨解 statement of the defendant ? 不履行合同 breach of contract ? 不履行合约 repudiation of the contract
? 不名誉的行为及手法 dishonorable conduct and practices ? 不能成立 unable to establish ? 不予支持 unassisted
? 不作为 omission
? 财产分割 properties division ? 财产所有权 property right
? 产权关系 property relations ? 产权制度 property order
? 撤消并发回给 reversed and remanded to the original court ? 陈述 state
? 承担责任 to be responsible for ? 串通 collaborate
Some Legal Terms
? ?
? 从轻原则 the principle of lighter punishment ? 从重处罚 severe punishment
? 打假 crack down on counterfeit goods ? 当事人 litigant
? 当事人起诉要求 the litigants sue for ? 得到证实 to be believed ? 地役权 easement
? 第三者 the third party ? 第一审判庭 first tribunal ? 调查 investigation ? 调查报告 investigation
? 调查取证 investigate and collect evidence ? 调节流动性 influence liquidity level ? 解书 mediation agreement
? 调解和强制措施 mediation and enforcement measure ? 调解书 mediation agreement ? 定案结论 verdict
? 订货合同卡片 a card of contract
Some Legal Terms
从宽处理 lenient punishment, liberal punishment 从轻处罚 lighter punishment
? 驳回 dismiss；reject
? 驳回上诉 reject an appeal
? 补偿报酬 compensatory payment ? 承担 assume
? 处罚 penalty ? 触犯 violate
? 传销 pyramid selling
实用词语翻译 ? 不到长城非好汉。 ? He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man. ? We are not heroes unless we reach the Great Wall. ? A man who has not climbed the Great Wall is not a true man. ? Hang Seng Index ? 恒生指数 ? Nasdaq index ? 纳斯达克指数 ? S&P =Standard & Poor‘s index ? 标准普尔指数 ? Nikkei average ? 日经指数 ? Straits Times index ? 海峡时报指数 ? The Financial Times share index ? 金融时报股票指数 ? 稀土 ? rare earth
? ECOWAS =Economic Community of West African States ? 西非国家经济共同体
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
非物质文化遗产
intangible cultural heritage The Butterfly Lovers 《梁山伯与祝英台》 Voice actors 配音演员 Dub 配音
Connect the past and future / form a connecting link between the preceding and the following 承上启下 食堂 ? cafeteria
? PetroChina 中国石油 ? Sinopec 中国石化 ? Honda ? 本田 ? Toyota ? 丰田 ? Porsche ? 保时捷 ? BMW
? 全称为巴伐利亚机械制造厂股份公司（德文：Bayerische Motoren Werke AG） ? Mercedes-Benz ? 梅赛德斯-奔驰 ? 大众
? Volkswagen
论述文体的翻译
论述文体的特点有：
? 一）用词比较端重、典雅、规范、严谨； 论述文体的汉译要点有：
Translation of English for Expositional Texts
? 二）论述文句子结构比较复杂，句型变化及扩展样式较多。
? 一）透彻理解原文，首先是准确掌握词义；
? 二）论述文重逻辑论证，因此翻译这类文章首先必须反复通读原文全文，抓住文章的中心思想，分析文章的总体结构和谋篇
布局的脉络；进而弄清作者的每一个论点和每一个论证环节，即作者逻辑推论的层次，只有捋清作者逻辑思维层次，才能比较清楚地理解作者为何采取这样的句型和章法来体现自己的思想；
? 三）注意汉语论述文用词倾向和体式。翻译英语论述文时应注意译文与原文用词倾向、风格和体式大体吻合，做到量体裁衣。
? 论述文体，特别是政论文体的汉译英，必须在深刻理解原文含义的基础上，用恰当的译语进行准确表述。准确表述并非拘泥
于字面含义，因为英汉两种文化的习惯各异，语言受文化影响，往往不可直译，在许多情况下，必须采用恰当的翻译技巧，如省译、增译、阐释等，行灵活处理，以便读者对源语的信息有准确。
? 汉英翻译中，正确理解源语的基础上省译含义―虚化‖的词语 ? 在过去20年里，中国的人权司法保障工作取得了长足的进展。
? In the past 20 years, China has made considerable progress in the work of building a judicial guarantee for human beings. ? ―工作‖为虚化词语，可以省略不译。
? 类似的虚化词有：水平；方面；条件；问题；建设等。
? 妇女就业人数不断增加，行业分布趋于合理。
? The number of employed women has continuously grown, and the distribution of industries has become rational. ? ―行业分布‖是承上指―妇女就业的领域‖若按字面去译，则前句意义割裂，造成误解。
? 可改译为：The number of employed women has continuously grown, and their work involvement has become rational. ? 质量、标准化、计量建设和天气预报等项服务进一步加强。
? Quality, standardization, measurement construction and weather forecasting and other services have been strengthened. ? ―建设‖
? 改译为：Further improvement was made in the technical services such as quality, standardization, measurement inspection and
?
? 此处的―全社会‖应理解为―全部 ‖―整个国家‖。不可按字面译为the whole society。
? 此外，―社会集团购买力‖、―社会青年‖、 ―社会工作‖、―社会名流‖、―社会治安‖、―社会办学‖等词语中的―社会‖二字，其深?
层含义与英语中的social或society不相对应。因此，必须灵活处理。
上述词语可分别译为：group purchasing power; unemployed youth; community work; noted public figures; public order; no-government schools
weather forecasting
全社会固定资产投资完成32619亿元，比上年增长9.3%。
? 全社会固定资产投资完成32619亿元，比上年增长9.3%。
? Total fixed asset investment reached 3.2619 trillion, an increase of 9.3% over the previous year. ? 高技术产业发展迅速，成为新的增长点。
? ―增长点‖是目前中国经济领域频繁使用的词语，大多数情况下，不可信手译为growth point,应结合句子灵活理解为―高技术产?
? 东部地区学校对口支援西部贫困地区学校工程。
? ―对口‖一词是近年来汉语中出现的新词。其含义是：在企事业单位之间开展一对一的协作援助活动。在一定的上下文中，不
一定非要按字面译为unit-to-unit aid
业领域‖。
全句译为：High-tech industries, a new growth area in our economy, have developed rapidly.
? ―对口‖二字应省译，正确译文如下：Project for Schools in the Eastern Regions to Aid Poverty-Stricken Areas in the West
? 银行应保障有市场、有效益企业的生产流动资金的需要。