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吉芬物品是一种特殊的低档物品。作为低档物品，吉芬物品的替代效应与价格呈反方向变动，收入效应则与价格呈同方向变动。吉芬物品的特殊性就在于：它的收入效应的作用很大，以至于超过了替代效应的作用，从而使得总效应与价格呈同方向变动。这也就是吉芬物品的需求曲线呈现出向右上方倾斜的特殊形状的原因。吉芬物品的替代效应和收入效应如图1-2所示。
图1-2 吉芬物品
2．财政政策乘数 答：财政政策乘数表明在实际货币供给不变的情况下，增加政府支出使均衡收入水平产生多大的变动。用公式表示为：
dy1?
dkdg?1????h式中，?为边际消费倾向；d为投资对利率的敏感程度；k和h分别为货币需求对收入和利率的敏感程度。
h??，d?0。当处于极度萧条情况下，即凯恩斯极端情况时，公式可整理得：dy1?，dg1??dy?0，表dg表明财政扩张政策的效果可能较大；当处于古典主义极端情况，h?0，d??，
明财政政策无效。
3．消费者偏好的完备性假设
答：消费者偏好的完备性假设是指消费者可以对所有可能的市场篮子进行比较和排序。给定两个消费束X和Y，理性消费者能够确定哪一个是更好的或者两者无差异，即消费者具有必要的能力与知识去区分与评价不同的消费计划。
4．央行抑制通胀中的动态不一致性 答：动态不一致性指决策者提前宣布政策以影响私人决策者的预期，然后在这些预期形成并发生作用后又采用不同政策的倾向。决策者违背自己以前作出的宣言，主要是由于决策者有改变政策，不履行诺言的激励。
举例：假定中央银行宣布采取低通货膨胀政策，公众相信了这种承诺从而同意不增加货币工资，这时由于中央银行在失业和通货膨胀之间处于一个更好的处境，因此中央银行就有了采取提高通货膨胀降低失业的政策的激励，从而使政策前后不一致。
考虑到政策的动态不一致性，固定政策规则优于斟酌处置政策。动态不一致性的概念不985/211历年真题解析,答案,核心考点讲义,你想要的都在这→ 经济学历年考研真题及详解
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仅使宏观经济政策争论的焦点转移到了积极干预政策是否有效的问题上，而且向人们揭示，建立对规则的信任比具体的规则本身更为重要。
四、计算分析题（每题10分，共20分）
1．某国经济总量生产函数为Y?2K0.5L0.5，其中Y为实际产出，K为资本存量总额且K?100，L为总劳动力。
（1）求劳动力的需求函数。（4分） （2）用实际工资表示产出。（2分） （3）如果名义工资开始为4，实际价格水平和预期价格水平均为1，实际工资目标为4，计算初始产出水平和充分就业的产出水平。（2分）
（4）按照工资粘性模型，假设名义工资固定在W?4，求总供给方程。（2分） 答：限于篇幅原因，想要查看完整版真题解析点击加入>>>经济学考研备战群
2．某产品的市场需求曲线为Q?20?P，市场中有n个生产成本相同的厂商，单个厂商的成本函数为c?2q2?2。问：
（1）若该市场为竞争性市场，市场均衡时的市场价格和单个企业的产量是多少？（4分）
（2）长期均衡时该市场中最多有多少个厂商？（2分） （3）若该市场为寡头垄断市场，古诺均衡时的市场价格和单个企业的产量是多少？（4分）
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五、证明与简答题（每题8分，共16分）
1．假设北京的互联网服务是由北京电讯独家提供。北京电讯有两类顾客。第一类顾客是在当地经营的企业，其在目前价格水平上企业需求的价格弹性为1.25；第二类顾客是当地居民，其在目前价格水平上需求的价格弹性是4。北京电讯目前定价对企业客户每单位终端50元钱，而对居民客户服务每单位终端17.5元。请证明北京电讯目前的定价不是最优定价。
证明：若北京电讯要使对不同用户群体实行差别定价以实现利润最大化，则价格和产量必须设定在使：MR1?MR2?MC。由需求弹性和边际收益关系式MR?P?1??1ed2P场的定价应满足：1?。
P21?1ed11?1ed215P20?4，可得1???，故北京电讯
P271?14ed11??1ed??可得两个市?由已知P1?50、P2?17.5、ed1?1.25、ed2目前的定价不是最优。
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2．根据附加预期的菲利普斯曲线推导国民收入与物价水平之间的关系，并说明滞胀现象的成因。
答：限于篇幅原因，想要查看完整版真题解析点击加入>>>经济学考研备战群
六、论述题（每题14分，共28分）
1．材料1：2012年9月13日，美国联邦公开市场委员会会议发布公告称，为支持经济强劲复苏和确保通胀符合目标，美联储将推行进一步的量化宽松政策（简称QE3），并将目前低利率保持至2015年年中。
材料2：目前，美国经济正逐步接近所谓“财政悬崖”的威胁。如果美国共和与民主两党组成的跨党派超级委员会未能就削赤达成协议，2013年初便会启动自动削减赤字机制，缩减政府开支，目标是未来十年减少赤字1.2万亿美元，同时税务优惠政策将于2012年底结束，可能不再获得延期，削减财政赤字与加税将造成私人与企业庞大的财政缺口，形成所谓“财政悬崖”。
根据IS?LM模型并结合以上材料分析： （1）如果美国国会不采取任何行动，“财政悬崖”如期发生，将对美国经济产生怎样的影响？（4分）
（2）指出美国宏观经济政策将面临的是哪种政策组合？分析这种政策组合的适用范围及可能的结果。（5分）
（3）如果美国希望加速经济复苏而保持利率不变，财政和货币政策如何搭配使用？（5分）
答：限于篇幅原因，想要查看完整版真题解析点击加入>>>经济学考研备战群
2．为了达到保护环境、绿色出行的目标，政府对汽油的生产者开征了汽油税。请根据经济学原理分析：
（1）汽油税对汽油市场和汽车市场的影响；（4分）
（2）汽油税可以被转嫁的原因及转嫁份额的影响因素，并导出消费者所承担的比例。（6分）
（3）汽油税可能被超额转嫁的条件。（4分） 答：（1）政府对汽油的生产者开征汽油税，会使得汽油市场汽油价格上升，汽油需求量减少。同时由于汽油和汽车是互补品，汽油价格的上升，会使得汽车市场需求结构发生变化。汽油价格上升会使得消费者对大排量汽车需求减少，对汽油排量小的汽车和非燃油汽车需求增加。
（2）①汽油税可以被转嫁的原因在于汽油生产者可以提高产品的价格从而将部分税收转嫁给消费者。
②转嫁份额取决于供给曲线和需求曲线的形状，即消费者需求弹性和生产者供给弹性的相对大小。当消费者的需求缺乏弹性而生产者的供给富有弹性，此时汽油税更多的由消费者承担；当消费者的需求富有弹性而生产者的供给缺乏弹性，则汽油税更多的由生产者承担，消费者只承担小部分。如图1-6所示。在图1-6（a）中，需求相对于供给无弹性，税负主要归于消费者。在图1-6（b）中表示需求相对于供给有很大弹性，税负主要归于生产者。
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图1-6 弹性与税收负担
③消费者所承担的比例为ES/?ES?ED?，该式表明以高价形式转嫁给消费者的税收份额。当ED?0时，消费者承担份额为100%，所有税负由消费者承担；当ED???时，份额为0，消费者不承担任何税负，生产者承担全部税负。
（3）汽油税可能被超额转嫁的条件
①汽油生产者为垄断厂商或者寡头，具有很大的垄断势力，可以控制汽油产量，制定远超过平均成本的高价格。
②消费者的需求完全缺乏弹性，消费者的需求曲线为垂直线，此时，汽油税完全由消费者承担，汽油生产者提高到汽油税之上的价格不仅能弥补税收，同时获得超额利润。
由于上述两个条件，从而使得汽油税可能被超额转嫁。
七、将下列英语译成汉语
1. The World Economic Prospects （20 分）
The global economy has deteriorated further since the release of the July 2012 WEO Update, and growth projections have been marked down. Downside risks are now judged to be more elevated than in the April 2012 and September 2011 World Economic Outlook （WEO） reports. A key issue is whether the global economy is just hitting another bout of turbulence in what was always expected to be a slow and bumpy recovery or whether the current slowdown has a more lasting component. The answer depends on whether European and U.S. policymakers deal proactively with their major short-term economic challenges. The WEO forecast assumes that they do, and thus global activity is projected to reaccelerate in the course of 2012; if they do not, the forecast will likely be disappointed once again. For the medium term, important questions remain about how the global economy will operate in a world of high government debt and whether emerging market economies can maintain their strong expansion while shifting further from external to domestic sources of growth. The problem of high public debt existed before the Great Recession, because of population aging and growth in entitlement spending, but the crisis brought the need to address it forward from the long to the medium term.
Indicators of activity and unemployment show increasing and broad-based economic sluggishness in the first half of 2012 and no significant improvement in the third quarter. Global manufacturing has slowed sharply. The euro area periphery has seen a marked decline in activity, driven by financial difficulties evident in a sharp increase in sovereign rate spreads. Activity has 985/211历年真题解析,答案,核心考点讲义,你想要的都在这→ 经济学历年考研真题及详解
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disappointed in other economies too, notably the United States and United Kingdom.
Spillovers from advanced economies and homegrown difficulties have held back activity in emerging market and developing economies. These spillovers have lowered commodity prices and weighed on activity in many commodity exporters. The result of these developments is that growth has once again been weaker than projected, in significant part because the intensity of the euro area crisis has not abated as assumed in previous WEO projections. Other causes of disappointing growth include weak financial institutions and inadequate policies in key advanced economies. Furthermore, a significant part of the lower growth in emerging market and developing economies is related to domestic factors, notably constraints on the sustainability of the high pace of growth in these economies and building financial imbalances. In addition, IMF staff research suggests that fiscal cutbacks had larger than-expected negative short-term multiplier effects on output, which may explain part of the growth shortfalls.
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2. Schooling and Development （20 分）
I will illustrate the variety of approaches to development issues that microeconomists have employed by focusing on studies that illuminate and quantify the major mechanisms posited by growth theorists who highlight the role of education in fostering growth. For example, Lucas （1988） emphasizes the role of education by stressing the importance of learning externalities. But what evidence do we have for these? Theories of long-run growth that span the pre- and post-Industrial Revolution focus on the interaction between technical change and schooling. Lucas （2002）and Galor and Weft （2000）explain the shift from a stagnant world in a Malthusian equilibrium to one of sustained growth as the result of technical change inducing investments in schooling which leads to a shift to smaller families. Nelson and Phelps （1966）suggest that a major mechanism by which poor countries develop is through technological transfer, and hypothesize that schooling facilitates such transfers because it improves the ability to master technology. Some key questions suggested by these models are: （i） what is the contribution of schooling to productivity in low-income countries？ （ii） does technical change raise schooling returns, and for whom？（iii）does learning play an important role in adopting and adapting to technical change？（iv）how important are learning and thus schooling externalities？ and, （v） does schooling investment respond to variation in returns, whatever their source, or are there important barriers to human capital investment when returns are high？
I begin with a basic issue: what are the returns to schooling？ A standard approach in economics has been to use regressions with wages as the dependent variable and a measure of education as a regressor to estimate the returns from schooling. I will argue that this approach is problematical for identifying the contribution of schooling to productivity in a development context, and is particularly inadequate for exploring the ways in which education might affect conditions for economic growth. I then discuss microeconomic studies that estimate returns from schooling using alternative approaches, looking at inferences based on how education interacts with policy changes, with technology change, and with the marriage market. I then turn to the 4 questions of whether schooling merely imparts knowledge or whether it also facilitates learning particularly in setting undergoing technical change and whether there is social learning that gives rise to educational externalities. I next examine studies that address the question of the 985/211历年真题解析,答案,核心考点讲义,你想要的都在这→ 经济学历年考研真题及详解