本问题，只是渡过难关，避免自杀、伤人等。
一是悲伤或心理刺激过度；
二是家庭不能给儿童足够的关心和温暖； 三是与中枢神经系统发育不成熟有关。
1．大学生目前存在的问题主要有以下几种： (1)学业问题 (2)情绪问题 (3)人际关系问题 (4)焦虑问题 (5)情感问题 (6)性教育问题
(7)特殊群体学生的心理健康问题 (8)大学生活适应问题。 2．如何加强大学生心理教育
(1)充分发挥课堂教学在大学生心理健康教育中的重要作用。 (2)积极引导大学生保持健康向上的心理状态。 (3)切实帮助大学生解决实际问题。 (4)认真做好大学生心理咨询工作。
(5)努力构建和完善大学生心理健康教育工作体系。 (6)大力加强大学生心理健康教育队伍建设。 3．论述影响大学生心理健康的因素
一环境变迁，二学业压力，三人际关系，四自我认知 五心理冲突，六生活事件，七家庭影响
4．近年来，大学生自杀事件呈上升趋势，请说明原因及解决办法。 原因如下：
（一）人格障碍： 心理卫生学认为，情绪失调和人格障碍是相互作用的，情绪失调往往导致人格障碍，而人格障碍又体现出情绪失调。情绪失调与人格障碍有多种多样的表现，如自卑、抑郁、孤僻、悲观、鲁莽、急躁、害羞、多疑、狭隘、焦虑等等，但并非每一种表现都易于诱发自杀行为。
（二）挫折造成大学生的自杀行为 对策：
（一）加强大学生心理卫生教育
（二）加强精神文明建设，积极改善大学生的心理环境 （三）设立心理咨询机构
心理学英语文章选读
1 American sleep behavior
Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation. “I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
The beginning of our sleep-deficit crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century
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ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. “The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduce dramatically, to between 7.5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. “People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it,” says Dr. David. “They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous.”
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. “In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.”
To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. “We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr. David. “Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”
epidemic n/a流行病，流行的better off 富裕 get by 通过，混过 judge of 评价 Performance 成绩
2 The Concept of Personal Choices Concerning Health
The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.
A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus , for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal healthy choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increase vitality and longevity.
preventable 可预防的 make choices 做出选择 Sedentary 久坐的，惯于久坐的人 Knowingly 有意地 probability 概率，可能性 Give oneself over to doing 沉溺于 Vitality 活力 longevity 寿命
3 Perceiving Other People
The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms. “She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, has fair hair, and wore a colored skirt.” More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly ----perhaps with a two-second glance.
We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being noticed, a person interacting with others, particularly with others who are known to you so you can compare the observed person’s behavior with the known others’ behavior; observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for; deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person’s responses to specific stimuli; asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her; and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person--questions, self-disclosures, and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him. If
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we accept the idea that we won’t ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior. Ironically those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g. ,secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosures and truthful statements).
Pinpoint v查明，n精确，a极微小的 in the way of 关于---方面 inconsistent 不一致的，相矛盾的
4 Attractive Men and Attractive Women
Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.
While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman. Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success. Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.
All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.
Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be more feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the “masculine” qualities required.
This is true even in politics. “When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently,” says Ann Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduates to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.
The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.
Praiseworthy a 值得称赞的 Integrity n 正直，诚实，完整
5 Clothes
Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good deal about the wearer’s background, personality, status, mood, and social outlook.
Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can use them to manipulate people’s impression of us. Our appearance assumes particular significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly middle-class man or woman may be alienated by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person’s education, background, or interests.
People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits, including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or drink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And college students who view themselves as taking an active role in their interpersonal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we acted. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance.
In the workplace, men have long had well-defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of “masculine” and “feminine” attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that
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available for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less “feminine” grooming ---shorter hair, moderate use of make-up, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, “An attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won’t get a job.”
Newscaster新闻广播员 Announcer报幕员 outfits 套服 Attribute n.属性, 品质 Grooming 打扮 tailored clothing裁剪讲究的衣服
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We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheal it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated; he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree, Jay Welss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most starting examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injection them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
Anxiety 忧虑，渴望 control over 控制 Stressed 精神紧张 Depression 沮丧 Condition 使形成条件反射 Saccharin 糖精 Sweetener 甜料 dislike for 不喜欢
7 Birds Sleeping
Birds that are literally half-asleep ---with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping---control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks. Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere’s eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.
Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end-of-the-row sleepers. Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction.
Also, birds dozing at the end of the line resorted to single-hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotating 16 birds through the positions in a four-duck row, the researchers found outer birds half-asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots.“We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain,” the researchers say.
The results provide the best evidence for a long-standing supposition that single-hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He’s seen it in a pair of birds dozing side-by-side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror-side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open. Useful as half-sleeping might be, it’s only been found in birds and such water mammals as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a
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sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.
Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if bird’s half-brain sleep “is just the tip of the iceberg.” He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species.
Document 证明Vulnerable 易受攻击的 Seal 海豹 turn up v.出现，找到，发现
8 Sex: It’s All in Your Brain
①An old story made Page 1 news in the New York Times last week: “Men and Women Use Brain Differently, Study Discovers.” That headline could have run over a roughly similar story any time during the 1980s. An enormous heap of scientific evidence on sexual differences has been accumulating for 15 years or more. Yet this story probably deserved front-page treatment because of the significant photo that ran alongside it.
②Old news: The brains of males and females are constructed differently, resulting in important differences in perceptions, emotional expression, priorities and behavior. “The truth is that virtually every professional scientist and researcher into the subject has reached that conclusion,” Anne Moir and David Jessel wrote four years ago in their book, Brain Sex.
③Despite this evidence, American culture still seems to operate on the broad assumption that sexual differences are unimportant, and that male and female brains essentially function the same way.
④In part, this is because of the civil-rights approach to the rise of women in the work force. The vocabulary of this approach, borrowed from the race issue, tends to assume that any “underrepresentation” of women in any area must be due to oppression and bias, never to the free choice of women who may not be attracted to certain activities in the same numbers as men. Linking race (no proven brain differences) to sex (many proven differences) has guaranteed a large amount of confusion.
⑤Don’t even think about it. In part, too, the denial of differences is a holdover from the feminism of the 1970s, which generally felt that sexual equality depended on minimizing or denying sexual differences. Even talking about sexual differences came to be seen as something of a betrayal of the women’s movement. This older view was displayed on national television a few weeks ago when Gloria Steinem told ABC’s Jhon Stossel that sexual differences shouldn’t even be studies. (This is a classic head-in-sand idea, but let’s admit that women have historic reasons to be wary of research into this area. It has been used repeatedly to restrict the kind of jobs open to women. ⑥ So side by side, we have a large body of evidence and a curious refusal, based on politics, to acknowledge it. ⑦The photo that ran with last week’s study may help break down this resistance. It’s a magnetic resonance image of a male brain and a female brain attempting the same task----sounding out words. The image---apparently the first graphic, visual proof of difference in the brains---shows that the male used only a small part of the left side of the brain, while the female used both sides.
⑧The two halves of the male brain are connected by a smaller number of fivers than the female’s, and some scientists think this may help explain the male’s famous inability to express emotions: Information flows less easily from the right side to the verbal, left side.
⑨The lead researcher on the project, Sally Shaywitz of Yale University’s School of Medicine, said she was surprised to see sexual differences in decoding words, “the pinnacle of what humans do,” far removed from the basic evolutionary pressures that produced different brain structures in males and females. The implication is that this is the tip of the iceberg---many more differences will show up in future scans.
⑩The culture seems on the brink of yet another of those large psychic shifts. Popular bestsellers have begun to emphasize differences, not sameness: Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus, for instance, or Deborah Tannen’s books. In the intellectual world, the long dominant idea that biology doesn’t matter much (because human culture is so powerful) is starting to come under heavy attack.
⑾ “Difference feminists” argue that women’s ethic of care” makes them radically different from men, and perhaps superior. The new glamorization of women’s colleges is partly due to identity politics, partly to irritation with men, partly to the idea that women and men have wholly different methods of learning. Ursuline College now offers a curriculum based on “women’s way of knowing.” ⑿ Two kinds of arguments are on the horizon. Are sexual stereotypes about to be smuggles back in under cover of science? And if the sexes excel in different areas, is the public ready for the reality that some high-prestige, high-paying fields will be 75 percent male, some 75 percent female?
⒀ The studies clearly show a large male advantage in visual-spatial abilities and higher
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