the effect?
3. How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she
became Queen of the country?
4. What do you know about the English Renaissance?
5. What was the absolute rule of James I of England? How did the
Puritans think about the King's rule?
6. What do you know about the Gunpowder Plot of 1605?
二. 精讲
Ⅰ.Transition
1. Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)
① Reason: After the Hundred Years‘ War, nobles had to seek a new outlet for their ambition by an attempt to dominate the government at home.
② Definition: It referring to these battles between the great House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white.
③ Process: (three stages)
26
④ Significant: From these wars feudalism received its deathblow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king‘s power now became supreme. But the interests of the majority of the common people were not deeply engaged. 2. HenryⅦ
① Domestic: a. refill treasury; b. control noble‘s power.
② Foreign: a. prevent foreign powers to disrupt the country; b. neutralize to all threats.
③ All above bring HenryⅦ both peace and prestige. Ⅱ.Reformation 1. HenryⅧ (6 wives) ① Measure:
A. Domestic: a. control over border areas; b. gentry control local government (Justices of Peace).
B. Foreign: a. aided by Archbishop and Lord Chancellor; b. 1517 peace
27
conference in London; c. ally with superpower. ② Reformation:
a. Reasons: There were 3 main causes: a desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented; and Henry needed money.
b. Direct cause: HenryⅧ wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon because she could not produce a male heir for him.
c. Purpose: Henry‘s reform was to get rid of the English Church‘s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. (He made his break with Rome gradually. He dissolved all of England‘s monasteries and nunneries.)
d. Two acts: a. 1534 Act of Succession; b. 1535 Act of Supremacy. e. Three important effects: they stressed the power of the monarch; Parliament had never done such important; his attack on the Pope‘s power encouraged many critics of the abuses of the Catholic Church, and he became Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1535. f. Note: Real religious change came in HenryⅧ‘s son Edward‘s time. People call his switch to Protestant theology ―The Reformation‖. 2. Mary Tudor
① She attempt to forcibly reconvert England to Roman Catholicism. ② She is called ―Bloody Mary‖ for at least 300 Protestants were burnt as
28
heretics.
③ The monarch who lost the French port of Calais during a renewed war with France.
④ Protestantism and nationalism were now forever synonymous. 3. ElizabethⅠ: England has been Protestant ever since. Ⅲ.ElizabethⅠ
1. Elizabeth and Parliament
① Work with Parliament (the Puritans in the House of Commons demanded further religious reform, but they still loyal to Queen). ② Turbulent for Parliament‘s ask: a. right of free speech; b. discussion at will; c. five personal questions (religion, marriage, foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and finance). 2. Elizabeth and religion
① Elizabeth‘s religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary‘s ties with Rome and restored her father‘s independent Church of England. (keep to Catholic doctrines; free from the Papal control) ② Conflict: a. Elizabeth – Protestant; b. Mary – Catholic. 3. Elizabeth‘s foreign policy ① France: friendly. ② Spain:
A. 1588 PhilipⅡ: a. want to bring England back to Catholicism; b. stop England‘s aid to the Netherlands where Protestant rebels were in revolt against their Spanish masters.
29
B. Destruction of Spanish Armada: a. showed England‘s superiority as a naval power; b. stop the attempt of Catholicism to recover the northern countries of Europe; c. enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing nation.
Ⅳ.JamesⅠ
1. Controversy: a. Puritan ask for further Reformation; b. James declared ―No Bishop, No King‖. 2. Catholic‘s plots.
① Cobham‘s Plot: Sir Walter was sent to the Tower of London for 13 years. In 1615, JamesⅠ release him for the need of money. With 13 ships, he went to Guiana for gold mine, but failed and was executed finally. ② Gunpowder Plot: On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and severe anti-Catholic laws. (celebration) 3. Puritan‘s protest
① Concession: King James‘s Bible, Authorized Version 1611. ② Flee:
A. Many Puritans had left England for Holland.
B. In 1620, 201 Pilgrim Fathers sailed from New Plymouth in the Mayflower, and founded New Plymouth in America, Britain‘s first settlement in the New World.
30