4. James (a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings) and Parliament: ① none for 7 years; ② 1621 recall Parliament; ③ dissolve Parliament; ④ Court corruption infuriated Parliament; ⑤CharlesⅠ succession and cope with Parliament. Ⅴ.CharlesⅠ and Parliament 1. Confrontation
① Charles: a. Divine Right of King; b. Pro-Catholicism; c. Arminianism. ② Puritanism (nationalism): a. simple dress; b. high moral standard; c. equal.
2. Five parliaments
① 1625 first: for the usual import duties, result in the dissolving of Parliament.
② 1628 third: for the shortage of money, result in Petition of Right (second Magna Carta).
③ 1629-1640: a. 11 years no parliament; b. managed shipmoney to all inland towns and counties.
④ 1640-fourth: for the Scottish War and imposing English Book of Common Prayer on Scottish Church.
⑤ 1640-1660 / fifth / long parliament: for the shortage of money and the attack of Scottish, result in actions by Parliament ( a. arrest ministers; b. limit the king; c. Militia Bill; d. Grand Remonstrance ). 3. Fighting
① Irish: attack; ② Charles: back, take action; ③ common: flee to London.
31
Ⅵ.Civil war 1. Process ① Two parties:
A. King – Cavaliers: a. north and west of the country and Wales; b. nobles and gentry; c. Oxford and Cambridge. d. Church.
B. Parliament – Roundheads: a. south-east England and London; b. yeomen farmers; c. middle-class townspeople; d. artisans; e. Presbyterians. ② Situation:
A. First Civil War (1642-1646)
a. In 1642, King Charles raised his standard near Nottingham. b. In the first major battle, Charles held back Parliament and establishes headquarters at Oxford.
c. In 1644, Prince Rupert lost to Oliver Cromwell‘s ―Ironsides‖, so King lost the north, and Cromwell became leader of the New Model Army.
d. In 1645, Cromwell destroyed the Royalist army at Nasby.
e. In 1646, Parliament held most of England, and Charles gave himself to the Scottish army.
f. In 1647, Charles was transferred to Parliament for a payment of ＄400,000.
B. Second Civil War (1648-1651)
a. In 1647, Cromwell allowed the discussion of their post war
32
settlement – the Leveller-inspired Agreement of the People, but opposing their democratic ideas as a threat to property. b. In 1647, King escaped and made a deal with the Scots.
c. In 1648, Cromwell defeat Scots army induced by Charles. This is the beginning of the Second Civil War. d. In 1648, Charles was arrested.
e. In 1649, King was signed ―Tyrant, Traitor, Murderer and public Enemy‖ and was executed.
f. In 1651, Charles‘s son marched into England from Scotland, but was defeated and flees to France. The Second Civil War was over.
2. Significance
① The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution, Because the King‘s opponents were mainly Puritan, and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and Catholic.
② It has been a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes (Puritan ideology) and the traditional economic interests of the Crown (Anglican religious belief).
③ The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.
④ It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. Ⅶ.The Commonwealth
1. In 1649, Cromwell and ―Rump‖ (members of the Long Parliament who had voted for Charles‘s excution) declared England a Commonwealth.
33
2. Measures:
① crush without mercy a rebellion in Ireland;
② suppress Leveller (a group within Cromwell‘s own army who, led by John Lilburne, proposed a radical political program not at all to his taste); ③ replaced the Rump with an assembly largely chosen by himself, which lasted a few months only;
④ In 1653, by an Instrument of Government, he became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, and England became a Protectorate; ④ directly military rule. Ⅷ.Restoration
1. Definition: People regrets about the execution of the King and the army grew as the Puritans exerted tough control of the nation‘s morals and as Oliver Cromwell became more and more a petty tyrant. When Oliver Cromwell died, the regime began immediately to collapse. The Parliament thus elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King‘s son to return from his long exile in France as King CharlesⅡ. 2. CharlesⅡ.
① Clarendon Code, a code against the Puritans, known as Nonconformists.
② Test Act in 1673 excluded all Catholics from public office of any kind. ③ In 1678, ―supposed‖ plot of Roman Catholics drive the state into a mess.
④ Disabling Act forbade any Catholics to sit in either House of parliament.
34
3. Works: Banyan - Pilgrim‘s Progress; Milton - Paradise Lost. Ⅸ.Glorious Revolution 1688
1. Definition: JamesⅡ was a Catholic. England was no more tolerant of a Catholic as king. The English politicians rejected JamesⅡ, and appealed to a Protestant king, William. William landed at Torbay in 1688. In England this takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the King. This became known as the Glorious Revolution.
2. Age of constitutional monarchy, a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament, began.
3. Bill of Right (1689): a. exclude any Roman Catholic from the succession; b. confirmed supremacy of Parliament; c. guaranteed free speech within both Houses.
4. In 1702, Mary‘s sister, Anne, came to the throne. During her reign, the name Great Britain came into being. In 1707, the Act of Union united England and Scotland. Ⅹ.Renaissance
1. Definition: Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history from 1350 to 1650. 2. Origin:
① The Renaissance began in northern Italy, and was typified by Leonardo Da Vinci.
② In England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.
35