? 双声、叠韵词
seesaw, spick-and-span, black and blue, game and glee, weal or woe, neither fish nor flesh// zigzag, flip-flop, wish-wash, bric-a-brac, feast or fast, tit for tat//part and parcel, bag and baggage, kith and kin, time and tide, sum and substance, fit as a fiddle//to and fro, hubbub, alpha and omega, rough and tough, high and dry, linsey-woolsey// holus-bolus, fuddy-duddy, hugger-mugger, jingle-jangle, higgledy-piggledy/ /bla-bla, pooh-pooh, crack-crack, fifty-fifty, all in all, shoulder to shoulder（194-195）
? Away the ran, pell-mell, helter-skelter, yelling-creaming, knocking down the passenger as
they turn the corner. (Dickens) 我们乱七八糟、大喊大叫着逃走了，转弯时撞倒了行人。（196）
? For a month the governor had dilly-dallied over the choice of a successor. 州长对于选择继
任者磨磨蹭蹭了一个月。（196）
? She was so round and roly-poly I used to wonder how she ever moved fast enough to catch
hold of a bird. 她生得矮矮胖胖，我总奇怪她怎能快速行动捉住小鸟。（196） ? 赤兔马泣曰：“吾尝慕不食周粟之伯夷、叔齐之高义。玉可碎而不可损其白，竹可破而
不可毁其节。士为知己而死，人因诚心而存，吾安肯食吴粟而苟活于世间？“言罢，伏地而亡。Chi-tu then said woefully, “I have long admired the noble Bo Yi and Shu Qi who refused the food from their enemy and learnt that a jade, even if shattered, can never lose its purity and likewise a bamboo, even if cleaved, will remain straight. Since only for a bosom friend does a noble man choose to die and only for the virtue of honesty does a common man choose to live, how can I lick from my enemy?s finger and live an undeserved life?” With these words, it fell dead.（207）
? 16~17世纪的英国文豪Francis Bacon若是地下有知，当会对此段之汉译（王佐良译）而
大发感慨！打个比方，文字飘逸古劲的《赤兔之死》译成英语，宛如一杯清醇的浓茶中兑了一桶水。那么，“Of Studies”的汉语今译，则是锦上添花！本已端庄的原文更加秀逸多姿，本已耐读的表达更加典雅精彩！语言的成功转换，令文章的内涵趋深、趋泛、趋秀、趋雅。
一叶知秋，仅此一段，便足以令我们领略文言的典雅和飘逸。当试图以同样典雅飘逸的英文文字来翻译上段文字，而发现不可能的时候，我们才能更真切地发出感叹：典雅，非汉语莫属也！（208） ? 四字格：
Although lonely in a new land, Matzeliger was described by his fellow workers and students as cheerful, of a friendly nature, honest, and modest.
1． 虽然马泽利格独自来到一个陌生之地，但是他的同事仍然把他形容为乐呵呵的、待
人客气，诚实和谦逊。 2． 虽然马泽利格单身一人，又生活在异乡客地，但正如他的同事和学生所描述的那样，
他性情开朗，待人友善，笃守诚信，谦逊朴实。（214）
? 现代中文的四字格的英译，也同样让英语“寒碜”！
平日，工作太忙，或交际过繁，你难得与古今智者、中外名家相伴交谈。而今，你可凝视屏息，侧耳倾听，静心阅读，令学识渐长；你还可以依随自己的袄好，去干任何一件感兴趣之事。静听音乐，挥毫作画，“收拾”残局，甚至，翻阅影集，遥念亲人。如此等等，无一不是人生一乐！At other times you may be so occupied with your work or social intercourse as to have no time for books. Then you can peacefully listen to wise men of all time, enriching yourself with their ideas, and enlarging your stock of knowledge. Or you can
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draw a picture, or arrange Chinese chess for a near-end game. If you are in the mood, you may as well open an album and let the photos bring back memories of those now far away. Isn?t any of these a real pleasure in life?（216） ??心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。（《红楼梦》）
呜呼！应该承认，杨戴合译，乃珠联璧合。我们又不得不承认，如此上乘英译，绝非陋译。但是，让英语的native speakers来读此译文，他们决计不会得到一个美女的影像。笔者的美国友人Bill Hofmann教授对此段的评价是：
I can hardly see, through this passage, a beauty before my eyes, the overwhelming impression being that the young woman is frail and pale. When we say somebody?s breath is soft and faint, we do believe that she or he is fatally sick and should be hospitalized as soon as possible.
此外，写林黛玉的“袅袅婷婷”、“态生两靥之愁”，杨戴两人皆避而不译。这不仅有道理，而且值得肯定。余尝想，若是硬译“袅袅婷婷”和“态生两靥之愁”，说不准，林黛玉会不幸成为西方读者心目中的女妖！（219）
行路难，但人生之路谁都要走。有的人在赶路，心急切切，步急匆匆。眼中只有目标却忽略了风景。可路迢迢不知哪儿是终点。有的人如游客，不急不慌，走走停停，看花开花落，看云卷云舒，有时也在风中走，雨中行，心却像张开网，放过焦躁苦恼。To go on a journey is often full of hardships, but so long as one lives he proceeds on his life?s journey. Different people go along differently. Some take hasty steps in anxiety. Obsessed with reaching the next goal in time, they spare no time for sightseeing along the way, nor do they have a clear view of where their long roads end. Others travel leisurely like tourists. They would take time off now and then for a look at blooming flowers or fallen petals. They would stop to admire clouds gathering and dispersing. Even when they go against the wind or are caught in the rain, they never get annoyed, for worries slip off their minds as from an open net.
打个比方，上段汉语文字之意境，有情有景，若龙井新茶泡上了清澈甘美的虎跑水，乃一杯令人回味的香茗，同样的情，却以散淡而无韵味的文字写之，犹如一小撮龙井新茶被泡上了一桶自来水，何味之有？（221-222）
峡内重峦叠嶂，连绵不尽，奇峰异岭，高插入云，云雾弥漫，迷幻莫测。On both sides of the gorges there ranges upon ranges of rolling mountains. Everywhere you can se cliffs of unique shapes and peaks of fantastic aspects towering into the clouds. The mist and the low-lying clouds add an aura of mystery to the raw natural beauty. 原句与英译相比，第一印象是：英语表达好“累”！这个“累”，不难理解。英语崇尚逻辑，表达条分缕析，交代不可不周，描述务求精确。如此，遣词必增，造句必繁。以“云雾弥漫”四字为例，在朦胧中给读者一种影像：山脚、山腰和山顶，或云遮，或雾绕，或飘逸，或静息，等等。汉语之魅力，由此可见。（224-225） 模糊：
There is the cheery push of elbow with which the waiter shoves open the kitchen door when he bears in your tray of supper. There is the suspicious and tentative withdrawal of a door before the unhappy book agent or peddler. There is the genteel and carefully modulated recession with which footmen swing wide the oaken barriers of the great. There is the sympathetic and awful silence of the dentist?s maid who opens the door into the operating room and, without speaking, implies that the doctor is ready for you. There is the brisk cataclysmic opening of a door when the nurse comes in, very early in the morning---“It?s a
boy!” (克里斯多芬·莫勒：On Doors)“快乐的服务员会用肘部顶开厨房门，手里
的托盘上正放着你的晚餐。面露愁容、心神不定的书商和小贩小心翼翼地推开门。后退的男仆走着优雅的小碎步，为贵宾缓缓打开栎木大门。充满同情和一声不响的牙医助手打开通向手术室的门，无言地向你表示医生正在等你。一大早，兴奋的护士“哗”地一下打开门，走进来说：“生了个男孩！”
遗憾的是，汉译上段文字，由于无法保留其非常规搭配，模糊遁迹，一个解读幽默、享受幽默的心理过程也就不复存在。（243-244）
One cannot see too many summer sunrises on the Mississippi. They are enchanting. First, there is eloquence of silence; for a sleep hush broods everywhere. Next, there is the haunting sense of loneliness, isolation, remoteness from the worry and bustle of the World. the dawn creeps in stealthily; the solid walls of the black forest soften to gray, and the vast stretches of the river open up and reveal themselves; the water is glass-smooth, gives off spectral little wreaths of white-mist, there is not the faintest breath of wind, nor stir of leaf; the tranquility is profound and infinitely satisfying. 密西西比河夏天的日出真是百看不厌，让人神往。起先，万籁俱寂，静谧笼罩一切；接着，寂寞、孤独、还有远离尘嚣的之感萦绕于怀，挥之不去。晨曦微露，郁郁葱葱，色泽深暗的树林渐渐呈现灰色，宽广的密西西比河撩起了面纱，容貌渐露。江面上，水波不兴，白雾袅袅，萦纡迷离，风静而枝闲，恬静深沉，令人心旷神怡。
（模糊乃语言之共性）文笔极富文采，遣词空灵，运笔朦胧。对于这些空灵的遣词，朦胧的运笔，汉译也未示弱：或文言今用，于古朴典雅中绘写意境；或文采斐然，于写意泼墨中白描情愫。（248-249）
两岸的豆麦和河底的水草所发散出来的清香，夹杂在水气中扑面而吹来；月色便朦胧在这水气里。淡黑的起伏的连山，仿佛是踊跃的铁的兽脊似的，都远远的向船尾跑去了，但我却还以为船慢。
他们换了四回手，渐望见依稀的赵庄，而且似乎听到歌吹了，还有几点火，料想便是戏台，但或者也许是渔火。
那声音大概是横笛，宛转，悠扬，使我的心也沉静，然而又自失起来，觉得要和他弥散在含着豆麦蕴藻之香的夜气里。（鲁迅《社戏》） The scent of beans, wheat and water-weeds wafted towards us through the mist, and the moonlight shone faintly through it. Distant grey hills, undulating like the backs of some leaping iron beasts, seemed to be racing past the stern of our boat; but I still felt our progress was slow. When the oarsmen had changed shifts four times, we began to make out the faint outline of Chaochuang and to catch the sound of singing the music. There were several lights too, which we guessed must be on the stage unless they were fishermen?s light. The music was probably fluting. Eddying round and round and up and down, it soothed me and set me dreaming at the same time, till I felt as though I was about to drift far away with it through the night air heavy with the scent of beans, wheat and river-weeds.（249）
那晚月儿已瘦削了两三分。 她晚妆才罢，盈盈的上了柳梢头。天是蓝得可爱，仿佛一汪水似的；月儿便更出落得精神了。（朱自清《桨
声灯影里的秦淮河》）
The moon on that had waned a bit and climbed gracefully above the willows like a girl painted for the evening. The sky was a lovely blue like an expanse of limpid water, which made the moon brighter and prettier.
“盈盈”二字岂能从相应的英译gracefully中获得？（253） ? 空白与省略：
阿Q没有家，住在本社的土谷祠里；没有固定的职业，只给人家作短工，割麦便割麦，舂米便舂米，撑船便撑船。Ah Q had no family but lived in the Tutelary
God?s temple at Weizhuang. He had no regular work either, being simply an odd-job man for others: When there was wheat to be cut he would cut it; when there was rice to be hulled he would hull it; when there was boat to be punted he would punt it.（256）
宁要风度，不要温度。In chilly weather, some ladies wear just so little in
order to be graceful, firmly believing that being showy is above trembling and catching cold.
此言留白甚多，语义模糊，初读抑或让人不解。但是幽默美感也就从中逸出。若译成英语，那就必须填满留白。比较后的鉴别告诉我们：如此缺乏留白的英语表达其实扼杀文采。调侃口吻让位于严肃，正经述实取代了幽默美感。（256） ? 歧义：
I am still a beast at bay.
我现在仍然是海滩上的困兽。
at bay：with escape cut off；cornered，据此，上句可译为：我现在仍是一头困兽。（266）（其实，如为前者，应是at the bay） 雅各布森和罗森包姆在《英语转换语法》中提供了一句六解的例如，可谓创歧义之纪录。原句内涵虽不含谐谑成分，但歧义之多倒给人一种文字游戏的雅趣。 The seniors were told to stop demonstrating on campus.
1． The senior were demonstrating and were asked, on campus, to desist.
高年级学生在示威，上级在校园里要求他们停止示威。
2． The seniors were demonstrating and were asked to desist on campus (although they
could demonstrate everywhere).
高年级学生在示威，高年级上级要求他们停止在校园里示威（但可在他处示威）。 3． The seniors were demonstrating on campus and were asked to desist.
高年级学生在校园中示威，上级叫他们停止示威。
4． People were demonstrating on campus, and seniors were asked to stop them.
人们在校园中示威，高年级学生被要求去制止他们。
5． People were demonstrating and seniors were asked, on campus, to stop them.
人们正在示威，高年级学生在校园中被要求去制止他们。 6． People were demonstrating and seniors were asked to stop them from doing so on
campus (although they could do it elsewhere).
人们正在正在示威，高年级学生被要求去制止他们到校园中来示威（但可在他处示威）。
? 受制于封建的传统道德观，女性在涉及到爱情之类话题时，往往三缄其口，迫不得已时
通常都采用模糊言语形式表达。如《红楼梦》第三十四回在叙述薛宝钗去探望挨打后的贾宝玉时有这么一段描写：
宝钗见他睁开眼说话，不象先时，心中也宽慰了好些， 便点头叹