5、垂悬省略句
常见的改正方法有两种：
1、明确动作的实施者，使主语成为垂悬部分所修饰的对象。如15 题，30 题 2、将省略句或分词词组扩展成从句。如28 题
此大题还要求应试生掌握句子的统一性和连贯性以及简洁性。统一性要求作者写出的句子前后关联，同时连贯性要求句子在人称，文体与时态方面保持一致。影响句子连贯的主要原因有：随意更换人称代词（如26 题），随意更换分句主语（17 题），随意改变时态，垂悬修饰语，修饰语 错置，错误平行结构等。为了使句子简洁，找出语义重复的词，去掉其中一个就行（如第10，21 题）；或者变分句为短语如18 题。
1原题 中Especially pizza.是破句。 Italian food is mouth-watering, especially pizza. Spaghetti is delicious, too.
2原题中的in his underwear离被它 修饰的 Bill 太远，易引起误解。Bill, in his underwear, yelled at the howling dog. 3 学生不能与学校相比。The students attending our school are more intelligent than the students /those attending your school. 4 原题中有垂悬修饰语，必须找出动作的执行者来充当主语。After three hours of practice, the thirsty dancers wanted a
large mug of beer.
5 Like many of today’s students, Margaret’s highest priority is financial security. 6原题中有错误的并列结构。形容词不能与名词并列，改正的方法有两个。 We thought she was charming , intelligent, and
very capable.
Or: We thought she was a charming , intelligent, and very capable woman.
7 原题中的两个分句缺乏必然逻辑关系，句子缺乏统一性。He was born in a small town in South China in the early 50s. In his childhood he liked to sing songs. Later he entered a conservatory. In the 70s he became a famous musician.
8 人称代词he指代不清。I am going to the lecture on modern Chinese drama, because the speaker is a dramatist I like.
9 Those与 his name存在数的不一致。Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign their names on this sheet of paper.
10 jointly与 in collaboration with存在语意重复，删除其中一个便可。 This machine was jointly designed by the old engineer and some of his younger colleagues.
Or : This machine was designed by the old engineer in collaboration with some of his younger colleague
11原句不简洁。我们可以将原来的从句变单词做前至定语、或分词短语做后置定语。 Mr. Smith prefers French wines./…prefers wines produced in France.
12此题为串句，既无连词又无标点。 Mike decided to stop smoking. He didn’t want to die of lung cancer. 13不定式为破句。 She tries to call home once a week to stay in touch with her family. 14 They played with the new pups in the basketball while I was reading.
15句子含有 垂悬分词，应该找出它的逻辑主语作句子主语。Having almost no money , I depended on my parents for survival.
16 原题随意更换主语引起句子不连贯。 Mr. Wang was born in Shanghai, but he has lived in Beijing in later years. 17理由 同16题。答案略。
18.原句短句没层次感。办法是变从属意义的分句为词组。My best friend in high school was our literature teacher, Wei Ming, who taught us literature for three years.
19.I am not surprised that he failed in the exam and that he did not get admitted by the college. 20.He came because he wanted to see chairman.
21.It seems to me that the issues are well formulated.
22.My sister likes to sing, to dance, and to play table-tennis.
23.The examiner did not know whether to report the student for cheating or to warn him first. 24.Our university has some professors wellknown at home and abroad. 25.Our teacher was knocked down by a bicycle, but was not badly hurt. 26.When a person becomes ill, he should see a doctor.
27.It指代不明The long dress my girl friend is going to wear to the party tomorrow will be blue--- her favorite color. 28.If he is admitted, his tuition will cost him five hundred dollars a semester. 29One day, when I was a small child, my parents took me to the Summer Palace. 30.With a great deal of effort, he passed his course .
31.句子缺限定谓语。The lack of telephone service was one of the greatest drawbacks. 32.第二分句为破句whether…or连接的成分是从属成分，不能独立成句。 It seems that our behavior was never satisfactory whether we asked question or remained silent.
33.原题中的第2个句子为破句。We find it a very interesting subject which is so fascinating that we want to tell you about it. ( Answers to 34-36 are omitted.)
III 本题考查应试生对段落的主题句(Topic sentence)的掌握程度，要求读完一段文章能判断段落的主题是什么。具体讨论该主题的方面，然后写出一个高度概括段意的主题句。
1 Japanese women have changed since the war.
2 Most of life is a gamble.
3 The noticeable advantage of being a teacher is its “stableness “------ the stable working environment, the stable income, and the stable life.
4 One important cause of the generation gap in the US is the opportunity that young people have to choose their own life –styles.
IV Add a beginning topic sentence and an end restatement….要求基本同III。 1 Opening topic sentence: The effective reader has a purpose for reading.
End restatement: As with walking, the methods you use vary with the goals you establish.
2 Opening sentence: Temporary jobs can help students improve their academic studies./Teaching others can help us grow.
End restatement: (But later ) I found my own listing comprehension improved too.
3 the concluding sentence:p78 in your textbook.
V Rearrange the …….
本题考查应试生对段落连贯性的掌握程度。要做好这种句子排序题，首先必须通读所有给出的句子，并判断该段文章
的中心意思是什么，热后通过各个句子中的连接词语，或代词的使用来判断文章是按什么方法，例如：空间顺序法，因果关系法，过程法，来展开的，以便决定各个句子的先后，排完序后，再通读一篇，检查所排的顺序是否妥当。
Part one: 4 1 2 3 5 7 8 6 Part two : 235146 part three: 2 4 5 3 61 I VI Cross out the irrelevant sentences.
解题提示：本题考查段落的统一性(unity)。考生先要通读全文，判断段落的中心思想。然后便可以找出与中心思想无关的句子就是irrelevant sentences.例如第1 段文章中的第1个句子高度概括了全文的意义，因而是主题句。那么the topic 是most people living in cities, controlling idea是do some form of physical exercise to keep fit. 第7句 和8 句与 Topic 无关第5 和10 句Controlling idea无关，都是irrelevant sentences.
Part one: 5 7 8 10 Part two: 5 6 Part three: 4 5 VII…… Select the topic sentence :
要做好此题型必须了解主题句(topic sentence)是由话题topic和关键词 controlling idea组成。关键是要读懂文章意思。E.g. In part one , teachers ,children , learn等词组表明本段文章的话题 topic是儿童教育， the phrases in the past and today ，以及动词时态 的变化又暗示此段文章是讨论教育儿童的方式的变化。所以第1题的答案是D
1 D 2 C 3 B
Writing
a. 1. Smoking is harmful to people’s health. For one thing, a chain-smoker are more likely to suffer
cancer. As we all know that cigarettes contain plenty of nicotine, the accumulation of which
willdamage the function of lung ,and lead to lunge cancer. Smoking means no less than chronic suicide. For another thing, the smoke produced by the smoker will harm the other people around him ,too. It is said that thesmoke of cigarettes done to the second hand smokers is by no means less serious than to the smoker himself. All these examples show how harmful smoking is to health
2 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells exactly what to do . Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same
3 The ability to write is important. In preparing scientific reports of laboratory experiments, a student must present his findings
in logical order and clear language in order to receive a favorable evaluation of his work. To write successful answers to essay questions on history or anthology examinations, a student must arrange the relevant facts and opinions according to some accepted pattern of paragraph structure. And certainly when a student writes a book report for English , or a critique for political studies, or a term paper for sociology, style and organization are often as important as content. Clearly, skill in exposition writing is crucial to successful achievement in most university subjects.
b. 答案见第八章的讲义 C . Practical Writing
此题考查应试生是否熟练掌握应用文的基本格式:写信的日期，写信人的名字，收信人，以及它们应该写在什么位置，以及不同类型的应用文应该包括哪些基本信息点。例如：邀请别人吃饭，就应该说明为什么请他吃饭，在什么地方什么时候吃饭。 1 Dear Shirley,
We feel extremely pleased to inform you that my daughter, Sherry, who has won the second place in the Tenth National Games for swimming. For this occasion, we’d like to have you and your family over to join us in the celebration. The party will start at 6:00 PM Thursday, June 15 in our house .
Our address is 78 Wildwood Drive, Smithtown. A map is enclosed to help you you’re your way.
Yours truly, Lisle Fisher R.S.V.P.
2
FOR SALE
If you are looking for a used bike, pleased call MS.Li at 8291380 who has got one and wants to sell it for 100 yuan. Its owner will soon graduate and leave the college. The bike is in good condition .Though it has been used for 3 years. It is like a new one------ handsome, light, speedy and durable. For more information , please contact MS Li after class in Room 6 NO. 2 Students Dormitory .
3 May 30th,2003 Dear Jimmy,
Haven’t seen you for ages. Sorry to hear you are ill these days. I hope you are feeling much better now. Have a good rest and don’t worry about your lesson. I’ll help you when you are back at school. Hope you will be back at school soon .Best wishes.
Yours, Betty
d. The whole composition
1 Advantages and disadvantages of Doing Part-time Jobs
Everything has two sides . College students taking a part-time jobs is not an exception. It has advantages and disadvantages .Advantages can be listed as follows:1) broaden students’ vision 2) help students improve their academic studies; 3) help them realize that no success comes from nothing.; 4) make students feel self-reliant.Disadvantages can not be ignored. 1) Working several hours a day consumes a lot of time and energy and may affect study. … lose time for sleep, rest, study, and club activities; 2) They may know too much about the dark side of society……..Whether a student should take a part -time job or not is up to each individual to decide. The most important thing is for him to keep a good balance, put his study on top of the list and assign an adequate amount of time to it.
2 Effects of Selfishness
Selfishness or egoism is by no means rare today. In work units, in public places, and in our university, we are sad to see some people who try to advance their own interests even at the cost of their honor and dignity. What are the effects of selfishness on a person? It can make him friendless and even lead a person to destruction.A selfish person does not under that friendship is based on mutual respect and mutual help. It is something of” give-and –take.” A selfish person never offers help to others ,but he is brazen enough to ask others for help……………Selfishness may very well lead a person to destruction. A selfish person’s desire for good things is insatiable. He will shamelessly steal a book from the library and keep it for his own use even though he knows hundreds of his fellow students are badly in need of it . Once he succeeds in stealing something petty, his selfish desire will drive him on to “new adventures.” Today it may be a book, tomorrow it will be a watch, a bicycle, a computer until he ends up in prison.
Selfishness poisons people’s minds and run counter to the basic values of society. It should have no place in our country today!
3 By phone or by Letter
Some people like to communicate by telephone. Others like to communicate by letter. Both communications have their advantages. It is much more convenient to communicate with others by telephone when you something urgent. For example , when you are short of money at the university ……But a letter will take several days before it reaches the destination and return to you. For messages of urgency, telephone appears favorable. Besides, you save the trouble to spend time writing. What’s more, you can hear the voice……
However, letters may do a better job when you have a lot to express to some. Generally, people like to read letters from friends or relatives. …..letters can express more than the message, such as emotion, respect, … Secondly, letters seem formal. ….So, whether I prefer to communicate by phone or letter just depends on what kind of messages I need to pass. I prefer to use telephone when I have something urgent or less formal; I choose to write letters to keep contact with my friends for messages of no urgency.
4 My View on Competition
It is natural that people try to perform better than each other at everything they do. That is competition. Competition is an important element in social development. It is found everywhere because it is human inborn nature to long for the better. On the other hand, some people dislike it because makes it difficult for them to survive in fierce competition.
It is true that competition benefits us in many ways. First , it makes people creative and urges people to pursue for the
May 22nd ,2003
excellence. Second, competition makes the world develop rapidly. It keeps on bringing us better things like advanced communicative means. Owing to competition in the last twenty years, great many favorable changes have taken place everywhere in China. People’s living standards have improved a lot. Many people are fond of competition because it enables them to bring their knowledge or skills into full play. If you want to lead a prosperous life, you have to perform much better than others.
I think competition is equal and fair to everyone. If you want to stay competent, or if you are not satisfied with your present condition, you have to work hard to improve it. Without competition, people would remain idle and have no ambition. Therefore, competition means progress. XII summary::
1 She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation.
《英文写作》复习练习题二
I Improve the following sentences for unity , coherence or /and conciseness. 1 Stop writing and you should stay where you are. 2 She opened her bag and her books were taken out.
3 The more research they do, they are unable to answer more questions.
4 He had won several prizes in the competition, and we do not like the way he treated other people. 5 She ordered some dishes at a restaurant, which were not delicious at all. 6 No doubt, we have certainly informed him to attend the meeting. 7 There are few buildings that survived the fire.
8 We planned a trip to Tibet. A trip to get many new experiences.
II Rewrite the following by combining the short sentences into compound or complex sentences. 1 The question is about education. It is to be discussed this afternoon.
2 He told me something the other day. That has nothing to do with this problem. 3 Does it cost too much? My decision will depend on that.
4 He had greatly wronged his only daughter. She might never forgive him. This idea almost drove him crazy.
IV Write a topic sentence for each of the following paragraphs: 1·________________________Water evaporates from the oceans to form secondary reservoirs in the atmosphere． From here it changes into drops of rain，snow or hail． Some Of these drops fall on 1and， the rest back into the oceans． Part of the water falling on the 1and gets into soil，some runs Off into steams and the remainder evaporates back into the atmosphere． Water that gets into the ground is either taken up by plants or forms under ground water that finally flows into streams Or 1akes． Part Of the water taken up by plants is used in
photosynthesis． A 1arge tree may“pull”up tons of water a day and pass it back into the air in this way． Therefore the earth world be an unimaginable world Without the oceans．
2__________________________ Initially， various 1anguages that started
from the same parent developed their own uniqueness after groups Of speakers drifted away from one another to establish iso1ated， independent communities． Another major cause Of language change is the influence Of and interaction with foreign cultures，often as a result Of military conquest． A continuing cause for change is rapidly expanding technology and new systems of communication that bring a11 cultures and languages into closer contact，With borrowing between 1anguages a common phenomenon in the contemporary world． All 1anguages change as the experiences Of their speakers Change．
V Write a concluding Sentence for each of the following paragraphs.
1． The housing industry in Omaha is not doing well． House sales are down 65 percent from two years ago． The average length a house is On the market before being sold is two years． The average house price has actual1y dropped $5000 this year． There has also been no new housing construction within the City limits in the 1ast six months． Two building contractors have gone Out Of business， and the carpenter’s union has sixty—five unemployed members． Lumber sales have dropped over 35 percent， and the local mill has so1d three logging trucks and laid Off 20 workers．_________________________________________________________________.
2． Looking forward to the decade Of the 2000’s， One wonders what personal qualities will be needed for success． Possibly the four most essential
attributes are flexibility， honesty， creativity， and perseverance． Fist，
Our rapidly changing society requires flexibility——the ability to adapt Oneself readily to new ideas and
experiences． Next， honesty， the capacity both to tell and to face the truth courageously， will be important in a11 aspects Of personal and public relations． ln addition， creativity will be required to meet the constantly changing world around us． Finally，perseverance，the ability to h01d On at a11 costs，will be required in a society where competition for space，food，and shelter will increase with a growing
popu1ation．________________________________________________________________-
VI． Each of the following paragraphs breaks the rule of unity because it contains one or more sentences that do not directly support the topic sentence. Locate the sentence that is not related to the central idea.
1． Recreational activities form an important part Of our school life．Everybody take an active part in them．On Saturday afternoon，if you walk around the campus，you will see all kinds Of activities going on． The drama group is rehearsing． The school chorus is practicing． Each student can follow his own interest . He can learn to play an instrument，Sing pop songs or take Up anything e1se that he likes． YOU Will a1so see some students doing their homework in the dormitory． On Saturday evening there is usually a film Show。 After it there is sometimes a dance． At weekend or on ho1idays we often have concerts，outings or plays． Sometimes we organize visits to exhibitions， factories or power Stations． But on weekends we are always busy with our 1essons． From time to time we invite people from different walks of life to give lectures here．Life at our university is really rich and varied．
2． Tourism is the state of Hawaii’s 1eading industry． Every year，some 3.2 million tourists visit the islands． During the popular winter months，a planeload or shipload Of tourists arrives every fifteen minutes. New hotels， new restaurants are being built every year to accommodate the increasing numbers Of visitors． Sugar cane and pineapples are also important industries in Hawaii．
VII Write a thank-you note to Dr.John Durkee for his giving lectures on American culture to the faculty in your school last
week.
VIII For this part, you are required to write a passage in at least 150 words on the topic The Internet. Your writing should be
based on the outline given below. 1 What’s Internet?
2 Different functions of the Internet.
3 The influence of the Internet to the society. Answers For Reference I Improve the following ….. ( Omitted)
II Rewrite the following… (omitted) III
1 The oceans are the world’s reservoirs for water. 2 (omitted)
IV1 It has been the worst period for the housing industry in over 30 years.
2 Just as these attributes of character are desirable today, so in the future they will surely continues to be decisive in determining personal success.
V 1 But on weekends we are always busy with our lesson..
2 Sugar cane and pineapples are also important industries in Hawaii. VI ( omitted)
VII A sample passage
The Internet
The later part of the 1990s finds the words “the internet” become fashionable in people’s daily life. The Internet is a network of thousands of networks, linking schools, universities, businesses, government agencies, libraries and millions of individuals.
Something like “information superhighways”, the internet can bring many conveniences into the school, home and office. College students can check the card catalogue of Library of Congress in the United States to finish their papers. Housewives can do shopping and pay bills without leaving their homes. Businessmen can sign a contract and land an order through electronic media.
Patients can reach the world’s leading authorities and experts on the disease they may suffer from. Men and women can have a conversation with people all over the world by sending and receiving electronic mail. With a basic computer and modem any individual can call up information about almost anything from almost anywhere and anytime.
The Internet exerts such a profound effect on our life that it revolutionizes the way of people’s living and thinking.