见Klinton W. Alexander, “ NATO’sIntervention in Kosovo: The Legal Case for Violating Yugoslavia’s NationalSovereignty in the Absence of Security Council Approval”, 22 Houston Journal of International Law, 2000, p.420.
同前注,第421页。
oronwy Jones, The United Nations and theDomestic Jurisdiction of States, 1979, p. 40.转引自RaviMahalingam, “The Compatibility of the Principle of Nonintervention with theRights of Humanitarian Intervention”, 1UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, 1996, p.247.
南非当局为使白人种族主义统治法律化、制度化,制订了一系列种族歧视和种族隔离的法律、法令。其中“通行证法”规定,非洲人必须随身携带60多种通行证件,若缺一件就要被投入监狱或勒令罚款。1959年,南非泛非主义者大会决定展开一次反对“通行证法”的非暴力运动。1960年3月21日,数万名非洲人在德兰士瓦州的沙佩维尔镇举行了反对“通行证法”的集会和游行示威。南非当局进行了血腥镇压,打死69人,打伤数百人,逮捕万余人。这就是震惊世界的沙佩维尔惨案。(见李铁城主编:联合国的历程,北京语言学院出版社,1993年10月第一版,第232页。)
见郑启荣、李铁城:《联合国大事编年》,北京语言文化大学出版社,1998年5月第一版,第312页。
见Rosalyn Higgins, “ Intervention andInternational Law”, 载于Hedley Bull ed., Interventionin World Politics, 1984,p.36.还可参见Louis Henkin, “The Mythology ofSovereignty” , American Society ofInternational Law News Letter, Mar. 1993.
见联合国文件, U.N.Doc. S/Res/678(1990).
李铁城主编,《联合国的历程》,北京语言学院出版社,1993年10月第一版,第342页。
见Klinton W. Alexander, “ NATO’sIntervention in Kosovo: The Legal Case for Violating Yugoslavia’s NationalSovereignty in the Absence of Security Council Approval”, 22 Houston Journal of International Law, 2000, p.423.
见联合国文件,U.N. Doc. S / Res / 794(1992).
宪章第四十二条的规定是:安全理事会如认为第四十一条所规定之办法为不足或已经证明为不足时,得采取必要之空海陆军行动,以维持或恢复国际和平及安全。??
见联合国文件,U.N. Doc.S / PV. 3145 (1992).
见Klinton W. Alexander, “ NATO’sIntervention in Kosovo: The Legal Case for Violating Yugoslavia’s NationalSovereignty in the Absence of Security Council Approval”, 22 Houston Journal of International Law, 2000, p.425。
见联合国文件,U.N. Doc. S / Res / 940(1994).
New York Times, 1994年8月4日。
见李铁城主编,《联合国的历程》,北京语言学院出版社,1993年10月第一版,第445页。
合国文件,U.N. Doc. S / RES / 757 (1992).
合国文件,U.N. Doc. S / RES / 770 (1992).
合国文件,U.N. Doc. S / RES / 816 (1993)。
郑启荣、李铁城:《联合国大事编年》,北京语言文化大学出版社,1998年5月第一版,第326页。
见Yogesh K. Tyagi, “The Concept ofHumanitarian Intervention Revisited”, 16Michigan Journal of International Law, 1995, p885-888.
见许光建主编,《联合国宪章诠释》,山西教育出版社,1999年4月第一版,第317页。
关于对南罗得西亚的经济制裁,可参见见许光建主编,《联合国宪章诠释》,山西教育出版社,1999年4月第一版,第305 - 310页。
联合国文件,U.N. Doc. S / Res /418 (1977).可参见Richard B.Lillich, International Human Rights: Problemsof Law, Policy, and Practice, 2d. ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1991,p.541-563.
见Kelly K. Pease and David P.Forsythe, “ Human Rights, Humanitarian Intervention, and World Politics”, 15 Human Rights Quarterly, (1993),p.290,303.
见Richard B. Lillich, “The Role ofthe UN Security Council in Protecting Human Rights in Crisis Situation: UNHumanitarian Intervention in the Post-Cold War World”, 3 Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, 1995, p.8.
见Richard B. Lillich, “The Role ofthe UN Security Council in Protecting Human Rights in Crisis Situation: UNHumanitarian Intervention in the Post-Cold War World”, 3 Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, 1995, p. 10。
合国文件U.N. Doc.A/Res/46/182 (1992),加强联合国人道主义紧急援助的协作。
见Marc M. Boutin, “Somalia: TheLegality of UN Forcible Humanitarian Intervention”, 17 Suffolk Transnational Law Review, 1994, p.138,150.
关于对46/182(1992)联大决议的讨论,转引自Michael L. Burton, “ Legalizing the Sublegal:
A Proposal for Codifying a Doctrine of Unilateral HumanitarianIntervention”, 85 Georgetown Law Journal,1996, p440.
转引自Richard B. Lillich, “The Role ofthe UN Security Council in Protecting Human rights in Crisis situations: UnHumanitarian Intervention in the Post-Cold War World”, 3 Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, 1995, p9.
见Louis Henkin: “Kosovo and the Lawof ‘Humanitarian Intervention’”, 93 American Journal of International Law,No.4, 1999, p.826.
见Yogesh K. Tyagi, “ The Concept ofHumanitarian Intervention Revisited”, 16Michigan Journal of International Law, 1995, p.883, 901.