(四) (四) 由when, where, why引导的定语从句
I will never forget the day when I arrived in London.
Everyone wants to visit the place where Mr. Jackson once worked.
We don’t know the reason why they didn’t complete their production plan according to
schedule.
(五) (五) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分,如果没有从句,先行词的意思就不明确,主句也不完整,从句和主句之间一般不用逗号分开。上面所举的定语从句都属于这一类。
非限制性定语从句是主句先行词的补充说明,没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整,这种定语从句一般用逗号与主句分开。在非限制性定语从句中通常不用关系代词that。例如:
He once bought a railway ticket for a woman, which was reported in the newspapers.(which代表主句所述事实)
状语从句
状语从句在句中起状语作用,修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。状语从句可分以下几种:
(一) (一) 时间状语从句:常由以下连接词引导:when(当?时),as(一边?一边;当?时),whle(在?过程中),before(在?以前),after(在?之后),since(自从?以来),till(until)(直到?,直到?才),as soon as (一?就?),the moment(一?就?),no sooner?than(刚?就?),hardly?when?(刚?就?)。
As I was going out, it began to rain. 当我出门时开始下雨了。(
Keep an eye on my little sister while I am away. 我不在时,请照看一下我的小妹妹。 I had written my report before my mother came back. 我母亲回来之前,我已写完我的报告。
After he had finished his work, he played a game of chess with his friend. 他做完工作后,和朋友下了一会儿棋。
Since he entered the university, he has made great progress in his studies. 自从他进入大学以来,他在学习上取得了巨大的进步。
They worked till it was dark. 他们一直工作到天黑。
She didn’t go to bed until she had reviewed her lessons. 她一直到复习完功课才睡觉。 As soon as she came to the classroom, she began to read English. 她一到教室,就开始读英语。
The moment I heard the song. I felt cheerful. 我一听到这支歌,就感到很愉快。
No sooner had I arrived at the theatre than the performance began. 我刚到剧场,节目就开始了。
Hardly had he entered the classroom, when the teacher began his lecture. 他刚走进教室,老师就开始讲课。
(二) (二) 原因状语从句,常由because(因为),since(既然),as(由于)等连接词引导。例如:
I think autumn was the most beautiful season because it was sunny and warm. 我觉得秋天是最好的季节,因为秋天阳光灿烂,温暖怡人。
Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics. 既然今天你休息,你最好帮我学习数学。
As the day was fine, they decided to go on a trip. 由于天气好,他们决定作一次短途旅行。 (三) (三) 地点状语从句
常由where(在?地方), wherever(无论?在哪儿)等连接词引导。例如: I’ll go where work conditions are difficult. 我愿意到工作条件困难的地方去。 Wherever you are, you should work for the people heart and soul. 无论你在哪里工作,你都应该全心全意为人民服务。 (四) (四) 条件状语从句
常由if(假如,如果),unless(除非),so (as) long as (只要)等连接词或连接词词组引导。例如:
If I go to the Great Wall tomorrow, would you like to come along? 如果明天我去长城,你会和我一起去吗?
He is sure to come unless he has some urgent work to do at home. 除非他家里有急事要办,不然他一定会来的。
You may use the book so long as you will return it on time. 只要你准时归还,你就可以借这本书。
(五) (五) 比较或方式状语从句
常由as?as(象?一样),than(比),the?the?(越?就越?),as(正如),as if(似乎,好象)等引导。例如:
I know you better than she does. 我比她更了解你。
The more you practise, the more knowledge you will get.你实践得越多,你得到的知识就越多。
We didn’t have the same much snow as you had in Victoria. 我们这里的雪没有你们维多利亚下得那么多。
The old worker runs very fast as if he were a young man.这位老工人跑得很快,似乎是
一个年青人。
(六) (六) 目的状语从句
常由so(使得),that(以便),so that(为了,使得),in order that(这样?就),lest(以免,以防)来引导。例如:
They set out early that they might arrive at the station in good time.他们很早出发,以便及时赶到车站。
She takes notes carefully in class so that she may use them when she reviews her lessons after class.他在课上认真记笔记,以便能在课下利用它们复习功课。 (七) (七) 结果状语从句
常由so(结果),so that(结果),so?that (such?that)(如此?以致?)等连接词引导。例如:
Tom finished his work so well that Master Jackson praised him in public.汤姆工作完成得很好,结果杰可顺师傅当众表扬了他。
It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away.这是一个很重的箱子,谁也搬不走(such后跟名词)。
(八) (八) 让步状语从句
常由though(although)(虽然?但?),even if(即使),however(不管怎样),whatever(无论什么),no matter how(who?)(不管多么?)(无论谁?)等连接词或连接词组引导。例如:
Although they did heavy work that day, they were all in high spirits. 虽然他们那天干了很重的活,但他们的情绪都很高。
However much I tried, I failed to work out the maths problem. 无论我怎么做,都算不出这道数学题来。
Whatever you say, I will not change my mind. 不论你怎么说,我决不改变主意。 He keeps taking physical training in the winter no matter how cold it is. 不论天气多冷,他都坚持在冬天进行体育锻炼。
No matter who asks for her help, she is ready to help.无论谁请她帮忙,她都愿意帮助。
现在分词
现在分词一般由动词原形加词尾-ing构成,其具体构成法如下:1)以不发音的-e结尾的动词,须去掉e再加-ing。2)动词是闭音节的单音节词,或是以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词,末尾只有一个辅音字母时,这个辅音字母须双写,然后再加-ing。3)少数几个以-ie结尾的单音节动词,须变ie为y, 再加-ing,如:die-dying,tie-tying, lie-lying.
现在分词有一般式(doing),完成时(having done)及被动语态(being done, having been done)的变化,一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成时表示在谓语动作之前发生。
现在分词既有动词性质,又有形容词性质。
现在分词的动词性质表现在可有状语和宾语并组成现在分词短语。如:
going down town I met a friend.我到市区时遇到一个朋友。(现在分词going有状语down town)。
Do you know that man carrying a large umbrella.你认识那个拿着一把大雨伞的人吗?(现在分词carrying有宾语a large umbrella)
现在分词的形容词性质表现在可用作定语等。如:
He is a modest, understanding man. 他是一个谦虚而能谅解的人。(现在分词understanding用作定语)。
现在分词在句中可用作表语、定语、状语、补语等。 This story is very interesting.(用作表语) That’s a growing business.(用作定语)
He went out shutting the door behind him. (用作状语) I felt the house shaking.(用作补语)
The question being settled, we went home.(独立结构用作状语) Having finished his pipe, he rose from the table.(完成时用作状语)。
This having been said. Let us return to our subject.(现在分词完成式被动式,用于独立结构)。
动名词
动名词(Gerund)由动词原形加-ing构成,形式上与现在分词相同。动名词有一般形式(doing)和完成形式(having done)的时态变化和被动语态(being do, having been done)。
当动名词的逻辑主语为动名词动作的执行者时,动名词用主动语态;当逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时,动名词用被动语态。
动名词的一般形式所表示的动作常与谓语动词的动作同时发生,在谓语动词insist, suggest等后,其动作发生的时间在谓语动词的动作之后;在谓语动词forget, remember等之后,其动作发生的时间在谓语动词的动作之前;动名词的完成体形式表示其动作在谓语动词的动作之前完成。
动名词除具有动词的性质外,还具有名词的性质,在句中能作主语、宾语(包括动词宾
语和介词宾语)、补语(包括主语补语和宾语补语)、定语和同位语。动名词可带补语或宾语,并可被状语修饰,构成动名词短语。
It’s no good sitting up too late. (作主语) I dislike telling lies. (作宾语)
I’m no good at guessing prices.(作介词宾语)
We are sorry for not having informed you of their arrival. (作补语)。 There will be little hope of reaching home before tomorrow. (作定语)。 On receiving the answer of the firm, we started off. (作状语)。 Her success, winning women’s singles, was well deserved.(作同位语)。
动词不定式
动词不定式是由to + 动词原形构成,它有一般式(to do) ,进行式(to be doing),完成时(to have done)和完成进行时(to have been doing)四种时态形式,一般式和完成时还可以有被动语态(to be done, to have been done)。
不定式能起名词、形容词和副词作用,充当谓语以外的各种成分。 To learn English is not an easy thing. 学习英语不是一件容易的事。(作主语) He wants to visit Nanjing.他要参观南京。(作宾语)
Can I help you to put up that TV antenna? 我能帮你把天线升起来吗?(作宾语补语) The young man seems to be a college graduate. 那个年轻人好像是个大学毕业生。(作表语)
He is a man to depend on. 他是个可信任的人。(作定语)
有些动词后面的不定式不带to, 如:make, let, hear, see, notice, feel, watch, have (要,叫,使)等。Help后面的动词不定式可以带to,也可以不带to。例如:
I heard Mary cry.我听见玛丽哭了。
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或谓语动词的宾语,需要在这一逻辑主语前加for,例如:I (主语) opened the door(谓语动词的宾语) for her to come in. 我开了门让她进来。(动词不定式to come 的逻辑主语是her)。最常见的带逻辑主语的不定式结构的形式为:“for + 名词/代词宾格+带to的不定式”,其中的名词或宾格代词为不定式的逻辑主语。这种不定式结构可担任多种句子成分。
作主语:It is impossible for us to go by plane. 我们坐飞机去是不可能的。
作复合宾语中的宾语:通常要用先行的it作形式宾语,把不定式结构置于宾语补语之后,如:
All this made it possible for us to succeed in the experiment.所有这一切使我们有可能取得