上海外国语大学 2001英语语言文学专业 翻译 1．Translate the following into English(50%)
（注意“.”是代表“顿号”）
（1）中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化，具有光荣的革命传统。
（2）一八四零年以后，封建的中国逐渐变成半殖民地.半封建的国家。中国人民为国家独立.民族解放和民族自由进行了前扑后继的英勇奋斗。
（3）二十世纪，中国发生了翻天覆地的伟大历史变革。
（4）一九一一年孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命，废除了封建帝制，创立了中华民国。但是，中国人民反对帝国主义和封建主义的历史任务还没有完成。
（5）一九四九年，以毛泽东主席为领袖的中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在经历了长期的艰难曲折的武装斗争和其他形式的斗争以后，终于推倒了帝国主义.封建主义和官僚资本主义的统治，取得了新民主主义革命的伟大胜利，建立了中华人民共和国。从此，中国人民掌握了国家的权利，成为国家的主人。
（6）中华人民共和国成立以后，我国社会逐步实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的过渡。生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经完成，人剥削人的制度已经消失，社会主义制度已经确立。工人阶级领导的.以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政，实质上即无产阶级专政，得到巩固和发展。中国人民和中国人民解放军战胜了帝国主义.霸权主义的侵略.破坏和武装挑衅，维护了国家的独立和安全，增强了国防。经济建设取得了重大的成就，独立的.比较完善的社会主义工业体系已经基本形成，农业生产显著提高。教育.科学.文化等事业有了很大的发展，社会主义思想教育取得了明显的成就。广大人民的生活有了较大的改善。
（7）中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，都是中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在马克思列宁主义.毛泽东思想的指引下，坚持真理，修正错误，战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。今后国家的根本任务是集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设。中国各族人民将继续在中国共产党领导下，在马克思列宁主义.毛泽东思想指引下，健全社会主义法制，自力更生，艰苦奋斗，逐步实现工业.农业.国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为高度文明.高度民主的社会主义国家。
（8）在我国，剥削阶级作为阶级已经消灭，但是阶级斗争还将在一定范围内长期存在。中国人民
对敌视和破坏我国社会主义制度的国内外的敌对势力和敌对分子，必须进行斗争。
（9）台湾是中华人民共和国的神圣领土的一部分。完成统一祖国的大业是包括台湾同胞在内的全国人民的神圣职责。
2 .Translate the following into Chinese(50%):
A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men. A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness; amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.
Men often discover their affinity to each other by the love they have each for a book---just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both have for a third. There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog.” But there is more wisdom in this: “Love me, love my book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favourite author. They live in him together, and he in them.
“Books,”said Hazlitt, “wind into the heart; the poet?s verse slides in the current of our blood. We read them when young, we remember them when old. We feel that it has happened to ourselves. They are to be had very cheap and good. We breathe but the air of books.”
A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of a man?s life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. “They are never alone,” said Sir Philip Sidney, “that are accompanied by noble thoughts.”
The good and true thought may in times of temptation be as an angel of mercy purifying and guarding the soul. It also enshrines the germs of action, for good words almost always inspire to good works.
Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author?s minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.
Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe.
The great and good do not die even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens. Hence we ever remain under the influence of the great men of old. The imperial intellects of the world are as much alive now as they were ages ago.
上海外国语大学 2002英语语言文学专业 翻译 1．Translate the following into English(50%)
发展社会主义文化的根本任务，是培养一代又一代有理想.有道德.有文化.有纪律的公民。要坚持以科学的理论武装人，以正确的舆论引导人，以高尚的精神塑造人，以优秀的作品鼓舞人。坚持和巩固马克思主义的指导地位，帮助人们树立正确的世界观.人生观和价值观，坚定对马克思主义的信仰.坚定对社会主义的信念.增强对改革开放和现代化建设的信心.增强对党和政府的信任，增强自立意志.竞争意志.效率意志.民主法制意志和开拓创新精神。坚持实施科教兴国战略，进一步普及教育，提高教育素质和全社会的教育水平；大力发展科学文化事业。加强科学知识.科学方法.科学思想.科学精神的宣传教育。唱响社会主义文化的主旋律，坚持为人民服务.为社会主义服务，实行百花齐放.百家争鸣，是发展先进文化必须贯彻的重要方针。要努力掌握和发展各种现代化传播手段，积极推动先进文化的传播。
加强社会主义思想道德建设，是发展先进文化的重要内容和中心环节。必须认识到，如果只讲物质利益，只讲金钱，不讲理想，不讲道德，人们就会失去共同的奋斗目标，失去行为的正确规范。要把依法治国同以德治国结合起来，为社会保持良好的秩序和风尚营造高尚道德基础。要在全社会倡导爱国主义.集体主义.社会主义思想，反对和抵制拜金主义.享乐主义.极端个人主义等腐朽思想，增强全国人民的民族自尊心.自信心.自豪感，激励他们为振兴中华而不懈奋斗。
2. Translate the following into Chinese(50%):
Journey into Old Age
By Pat Moore
On a May morning in 1979, I opened the door of my New York City apartment and stepped nervously into the hall. As an 85-year-old woman, I was apprehensive. I extended my cane, feeling carefully for the first step for the stairs. My legs strained awkwardly. One step…two… three…breathe hard… four. After 12 steps, I reached the first landing and leaned against the wall to catch my breath.
So far, so good, I said to myself.
And then I stopped. Was I overdoing it? Would I really get away with this act? For I wasn?t really 85. Underneath the trappings if my aged body was the real me, a 26-year-old woman.
I was pretending to be so much older because I wanted to find out what it is
like to be elderly, and to discover firsthand the problems faced by the elderly.
As a start I learned how to “age” myslef--- a complicated procedure requiring four hours. With latex foam giving my face its folds and wrinkles, a heavy fabric binding my body, and a gray wig on my head, I became 60 years older and ready to set forth on my grand adventure.
My destination that first day was a conference on ageing in Columbus, Ohio. Out on the street I tried to signal a cab for the airpot. Taxi after taxi flashed past, all empty. Did they feel that old ladies don?t tip well? Finally one stopped.
At the airline ticket counter, I found myself in a line of young businessmen. “ Good morning, sir.” The agent exclaimed brightly to each one. “ Have a pleasant trip.” When old-lady-me peered up at him through thick spectacles, however, all I got was a look at my ticket, a mutter of “Columbus” and an abrupt “Next.”
The whole purpose of the conference, attended mostly by young professionals, was to study the problem of the elderly. Yet, incredibly, the participants seemed to ignore the only “old lady” in their midst. When one of the young males offered coffee to a group of women, I found myself thinking, what about me? If I were young, he would offer me coffee too.
By day?s end, I was angry. I had been condescended to, ignored, counted out in a way I had never known before. People, I felt, really do judge a book by its cover.
The experience was repeated in my neighborhood drugstore when, as a meek and dowdy old woman, I asked for a stomach medicine. The owner merely jerked a thumb over his shoulder. “Back there, bottom shelf.”
Peering around, I quavered, “Can you help me find it?”
He looked up in annoyance, walked to the shelf and pointed down. I stopped to pick up a bottle and tried to decipher the small type. “Could you please read the directions for me?” I pleaded.
In irritation, he rattled them off, and then dismissed me with, “Okey, that it?” I