Eg: The bouquet of flowers was a gift of love.（描述 X是Y的时候， XY的结构要相同） ** TO BE Isare was were am been be being OTHERS Appearbecome feel grow look remain represent resemble seem smell sound stay taste turn !!平行结构中的成分拆开组合一定要make sense，用这个方法可以用来检验平行结构
Eg: We were dismayed to learn that our neighbors were untidy, disagreeable, and they were uninterested to make new friends.错误！
改:We were dismayed to learn that our neighbors were untidy, disagreeable, and uninterested in making new friends.
!!平行结构中定语从句平行一定要带上先行词（比如that）
4、平行词 (1)名词
①Concrete nouns
②Action nouns, Complex gerund ③Simple gerund
(1)修饰词
①adjectives, participles
5、平行结构中的省略情况 当遇到FANBOYS时，如果平行结构中出现be or become 这样的helping words可以进行省略 Eg：these are actually BOTH correct. here are the parallel structures:
lola is 34 years old and thus is too young to compete in the Masters division. lola is 34 years old and thus too young to compete in the Masters division
The city’s streets could be cleaner, its fire code better enforced, and its crime rate reduced if the current administration improved its management practices.（省略了could be）
六、Comparisons
1、COMPARISON
(1) Literal comparisons or contrasts eg: X is like Y/ X is unlike Y X does Y, as Z does
(2) Quantitative comparisons eg: Greater than, less than More than, as as, Half as much as, 30% of
(3) General situations that aren't literally comparisons, but that require comparable things eg: I mistook X for Y
The company replaced X with Y
!! parallelism should be written in GRAMMATICAL FORMS that are as Simple as possible 两个方面：语法形式/逻辑语义
*比较过程中，如果前面是单数想要和复数进行比较的话，后面不能用those来指代，而是应该用该单词的复数形式
2、Markers Marker Like Unlike As Than As adj. As Different from In contrast to/with
(1)like的进阶
★Like放在最后时，容易产生歧义
Eg：I want to coach divers Like G L歧义(又可以修饰divers又可以修饰I) 正确的一个表达方式：Some scientists contend that many species of dinosaur had a metabolism more like a warm-blooded mammal's than a cold-blooded reptile's. (2)as的进阶
①as 作为连词：表示同时，原因，像…一样；后面一般接一个完整句子 *特殊情况：As in the previous case, the judge took an early break. ②as 作为介词：表示修饰前面的那个名词（作为……）
!! I will jump up as a clown.这里不能说像小丑一样跳，而是说打扮成小丑 如果想表达像小丑一样，改为：I will jump up as a clown might/ do ③as … as的用法
基本意思是“与……一样”，其中第一个as为副词，其后通常形容词或副词(原级)，第二个as可用作介词（后面接名词或代词）或连词（后接从句）。 1）在否定句中用 not so … as
2） 在该结构的两个as之间通常接形容词或副词的原级，但若涉及数量或程度，可用“as much+不可数名词+as”和“as many+复数名词+as”。如：
You’ve made as many mistakes as I have. I haven’t got as much money as I thought.。 其间接形容词时，有时该形容词还可修饰另一名词，但这个名词应带有不定冠词(注意词序)。如：
Sample Structure Like the cat, the dog is friendly. The cat, like the dog, is friendly. Unlike her parents, she has green eyes. In California, Unlike Florida, the humidity is moderate. David is smart, as is Abby. You have earned a better score than I have. C’s revenues are considerably higher than S’s M is as likely as Sam to win the promotion. My current job is quite Different from my last one. Canada’s housing market did not suffer many difficulties during the economic downturn, In contrast to the housing market in the US. She is as good a teacher as her mother. 她和她妈妈一样是位好老师。 也可说。如：She is a teacher as good as her mother.
但不说。如：She is as a good teacher as her mother. / They are as good teachers as us. 3）第二个as后接从句时，该as通常为连词，但有时这个as还充当其后从句的主语或宾语，此时该as实为关系代词。如：
I gave him as much as he could eat. 他能吃多少，我就给了他多少。
We’ve got food for as many people as want it. 我们的食物，无论多少人吃都够了。 4）该结构根据情况可用使用以下修饰语。如：(not) nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, three times, 30 per cent等，并且这些修饰语必须置于第一个as之前，而不能置于其后。如：
He doesn’t play half as well as his sister. 他演奏的水平不及他姐姐的一半。 This dress is twice as expensive as that. 这件连衣裙比那件贵一倍。
5）若第二个as引导一个表示将来意义的从句，则该从句可用现在时表示将来，也可直接使用将来时态。如：
We’ll get there as soon as you do [will]. 你一到，我们就到
3、USAGE OF \
(1) 当表示数字间的比较时，在使用compared to/with 的同时，不能使用其他比较词 Eg:\错误！！ \错误！！
(2)当用来比较数据的时候，必须要两边都把数字列出来，compare to/with 后面跟一个数字 Eg: 28 percent American husbands were married to wives with more years of schooling, compared to 6 percent in 1971\正确，只能出现数字 (3) comparisons involve PARALLEL STRUCTURES
★”，compared with/to“ & “ , as compared with/to”的重要用法！！
①Compared with 直接跟在逗号后面可以修饰前面名词名词的短语的核心词
例句：In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.
②Compared with 也可以修饰前面整个分句，compared with 后面的名词与主语比较：
例句：
*Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.
* In the United States, Fifty-two percent of high school graduates go on to college, compared with thirty-five percent in Canada and fifteen percent in Great Britain, Japan, and West Germany. *One baby in four is now born to a mother aged thirty or older, compared with just one in six in 1975.
③ as compared to/with 中 as 指代前面整句的核心含义
例句：A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.
4、比较结构中的助动词（helping verb）
A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest that runs as fast as a cheetah. A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it can a cheetah. A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can.
只有当会引起歧义的时候，才会添加helping verb
5、数量的比较
(1)表达倍数的常用方法
①The man is five times as old as his grandson. 正确- times & as…as 结构 The man is five times older than his grandson 错误！ ②The cost of ticket is 12, six times the cost ten years old
The concert was attended by 300 people, twice the previous attendance（注意同义词的转化） (2)表达相对数量多少的常用方法 ① I am ten years older than you.正确 I am ten years as old as you. 错误！！
② more 的用法(less也类似)---不表示比较的时候也可以单用
*名词或者代词：I own more than I should (或者 more of … less of….) *形容词： I own more shirts than I should *副词： I sleep more than I should *仅仅是程度副词(即有More不一定有than)
Eg:Gone are the sharp edges and jutting planes of styles from former eras; instead, designers of everything from cars to computer monitors have adopted a cornerless style of smooth surfaces and curves that is more ergonomic, conforming to the shape of the body rather than flaunting shape for its own sake.
!!注意当more的位置，当放在 adj + noun 这样的结构前面时容易产生歧义 Eg: We have even more efficient engines than before
6、in addition to 的用法
很特殊，放在句首，既可以用来比较主语，又可以来比较主句中的其他名词 Eg: In addition to taxes, death is inevitable. In addition to Munster cheese, I like Swiss.
七、Pronouns
1、Pronoun ambiguity is Not an absolute rule, if (1)the CONTEXT is obvious(语义判断明显）
(2) the Pronoun is Parallel to the Intended noun
(3)the Pronoun is not parallel to the other noun（比如动宾和介宾就不是一回事）
2、代词必须有先行词： ①意义一致！Sensible
②先行词与代词must agree in number 单数： it its
复数：they them their
3、Pronoun Ambiguity
(1)当存在多个先行词时，将可能的先行词都带入原句，看是否structurally & logically
Eg: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, They provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.
在这里，they前面有三个先行词，supernovas, explosions & chemical elements 结构上来说：they指代的是supernovas，因为都是作为主语 逻辑上来说：they只能指代supernovas 综上所述，they指代的就是supernovas
*当然，pronoun 和 noun are NOT required to play the same role in the sentence
4、几类重要代词
(1) It, Its, They, Them, Their（注意单复数问题） (2) This, That, These, Those ①用作形容词修饰名词
②that和those用作new copy！！当出现new copy的时候，必须有修饰，来区分与之前的不同
!同一句话中，一个代词指代的内容一定是一致的，但是一个class的代词(比如it its)可以不一样，不是Must.
(3) There
①there be 句型里面，there 没有先行词 ②作为adv的there表示 in that place,
Eg: At current prices, oil in Antarctica may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug There and environmental concerns addressed.
(4) Itself, Themselves, One another, Each other ①反身代词itself和themselves
*作为宾语，直接指代主语: After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved itself. *强调一个Noun: The commission itself was wrong.
②相互代词one another和each other表示interaction between parties. Eg: The guest at the party interacted with One Another. (5) Such and Other/ Another (这三个不要混在一起用)
和Noun组合在一起表示和先行词相类似的东西，但不是先行词本身。
Eg: After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such contracts