to debate in the future. (6) one
One 不同于IT和THEM, one 表示的是一个集合中非特定的某一个
5、it形式用法 ① It’s cold outside.
② It is futile to resist temptation.
③ It gave us encouragement that we scored at all. ④ She made it possible for us to attend the movie.
6、避免将代词放在一起产生歧义，老头很喜欢用同义转换来进行指代
Eg1: After toasting the potato, the camper extinguished the fire and then searched for a fork with which to eat it. 这个句子就很阳痿，因为代词放在了最后。
Eg2: New NANO-PAPERS incorporate fibers that give these materials strength. 老头喜欢的
八、Verbs
!! ONLY DETERMINED BY MEANING!!
1、Major VERB TENSE RULEs(时间轴）
(1 )Simplicity is best(only use perfect tenses when you have to)简洁 (2) Consistency is best(only change tenses when you have to)一致 (3) meaning!!
2、Present Tense
(1) General truths（遇到比如nowwell known之类的词，要用现在式）
eg: In the year 1550, the Greek doctor XXXX discovered that blood circulates through the arteries and veins of the human body.
(2) General actions/states that are not fixed in any particular timeframeor general states(not actions!) that are currently true
eg: When the Bulldogs play home games, they wear white jerseys; when they play away games, they wear red jerseys.
(3) Not used for actions that are specifically ongoing in the present time frame Eg: Although inflation currently increases, it will eventually return to its normal level. 错误（应该改为is currently increasing,当时正在发生）
3、关于进行时的GMAT逻辑
进行时表示的是在当前正在进行的动作。 几项禁止！！
①表达一般定义的时候，不能用进行时，只能用一般现在时
②表达将来时，不能用be doing的结构，只能用will等一般将来时 ③一些表达陈述的动词，不能用进行时，比如know, signify
*关于完成时:指一段连续的时间内一直在做的事情，有一些词比如consistently，暗示用完成时
4、”-ING”结构的时态判断
一般来说，ING修饰句中的时态与主句的时态相同。
Eg: The country’s economy is unstable, the result of a stock market crash occurring ten years ago. The country’s economy is unstable, the result of a stock market crash that occurred ten years ago.
第一句中，occurring认为是现在进行时错误；第二句中，表达正确
5、虚拟结构IF…Then
①General rule with certainty
If Sophie eats pizza, then she becomes ill. ②General rule with some Uncertainty
If Sophie eats pizza, then she can/may become ill ③Particular case (in the future) with certainty
If Sophie eats pizza tomorrow, then she will become ill. *也可以发生在过去
Eg: If the supplier has signed a binding contract, he will deliver the goods. ④Unlikely Case (in the future)
If Sophie ate pizza tomorrow, then she would become ill.
⑤Case that never happened (in the past)与现在事实相反
If Sophie had eaten pizza yesterday, then she would have become ill.
*不要再if从句里面添加，would和should
5.1关于虚拟语气的补充
1、if省略的虚拟语气(were, had, should)，可省略if，然后倒装 Wereyou in my position, you would do the same. 2、含蓄条件从句 ①短语：
*But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment. *It would be easier to do it this way.
*He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast.
3、不用if引导的条件从句（when, unless, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, On condition that)
*The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. *Unless I were well, I wouldn’t be at school.
*Suppose you were given a chance a study in US, would you accept?
*He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow.
*1，对于过去的虚拟语气，并不都是用于“与事实相反的假设”，if虚拟条件句不一定非要
虚拟主句才能使用，是可以作为独立成分出现在句中，就像这道题并不是不可能发生，而是虚拟的内容只有违约金这一点，其他的部分都是在实际发生中的，也就是说只有\合同包括了违约金\需要用虚拟语气，作为独立的成分出现
2，虚拟语气并不是都要使用would、could这类的词语的， 对于一般虚拟语气，我们会用If 。。。 were, then。。 would。。。 但是要根据句子的逻辑意思，我们也会使用If 。。。 were, then。。。一般现在时的V/be....
6、命令动词
Bossy verb + that + subject + command subjunctive (用这个形式，不能出现should) ①下列动词只有表达命令时才用特殊形式
Demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest, It is necessary that
②下列动词只有to do结构
Advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want
③下列动词又可以to do又可以command subjunctive Ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require
* we require that he be here & we require him to be here
7、Helping verb 进阶（be, do, have, 情态动词can may could might等） ①当前后两句的时态发生变化时，后一句必须以新的时态将整个动词写出 Eg：正确：I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.
错误: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father did. ②特殊情况下，前后结构不匹配(有一个被动)
Eg：正确：Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do. (=do inspire envy)
错误：Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they are ③情态动词很容易产生语义重复的问题
Can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would
8、动作表达的优先次序 动词>名词>动名词
If you want to refer to a thing, use a concrete noun. If you want to talk about the process, use an action noun, such as a gerund.
如果强调的是一样东西，就用名词；强调动作的过程就用动名词 eg：Paying my bills takes forever; it's not a fun process.
My mortgage payment is expensive; it costs way too much.
九、Idioms
1、because of doing = 错误表达
correct = because CLAUSE/ because of NOUN capability of ...in = 错误表达
2、proof of 正确
proof that + clause
!!在名词和介词中间可以加入短动词
3、Based on ---> must modifier a noun (1)Based on xxxx, S + V (修饰S） (2)S + V + O based on xxx (修饰O） (3)NOUN is/was/are/were based on xxxx
3、DUE TO ---> must modifier a noun (due to 一般不会放在句首)
eg: I have stay up all night due to the presentation that I must finish 错误！！due to 修饰 night 明显错误 2种用法
(1) based on 一样
(2) DUE TO = CAUSED BY 是否能够替换 错题集合：
1、Because of a law passed in 1933 making it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United States citizen to hold gold in the form of bullion or coins, immigrants found that on arrival in the United States they had to surrender all of the gold they had brought with them.
错误表达：With a law passed in 1933 that makes it a crime punishable by imprisonment that a United States citizen hold
BECAUSE OF ---> modifier a clause
！不能同时出现due to 和 because of
eg: I was late to the meeting because of the traffic. 正确
4、INCLUDING的用法
(1) \(2) including后面只能列举一些，不能列举全部
eg: The gym teacher asked us to do three body-weight exercises, including A B and C. 错误
5、would & could
(1)will和can的过去式
(2)would 和 could 用于假设的情况if
6、one of
(1)one of the Xs that/who（plural) (2)one of the XS (singular) (3)only one of the Xs(singular)
(4)only one of the Xs that/who(plural)
(5)The only one of the Xs that/who(singular)
7、like/as（like的位置可以变来变去）
1)like+nouns/noun phrases(允许有N+Modifier,eg:Those babies are cute, like little pandas sliding down rainbows.
2)as+clause/prepositional phrases
8、In contrast to
和compared with/to 不同，之后不是一定要加上数字
eg: In contrast to the corresponding rate in Esteria, the unemployment rate in Burdistan fell last month.
9、ESTIMATE
Estimate that X has done Sb estimate sth to be
10、Rather than & Instead of (1)Rather than 倾向于动词 (2)Instead of 倾向于名词
11、A NOUN TO VERB
!!only correct when noun is abstract
A way to produce goods 正确
A substance to promote X 错误；改为 A substance that promotes X
12、Namely
(1) must be used either before a noun or before a noun phrase/clause; (2)not use it directly before an independent clause
13、The Law
The new law makes it a crime to do
The new law makes it a crime for sb to do sth The new law makes sth a crime
14、Projected decline A projected decline of ...is projected to decline by
15、making to 凑合 ！！more common \
My family was quite poor, so we made do without luxuries
16、PLAN TO/PLAN FOR
Plan to: = I plan to sell my old clothes （计划去做什么事）