湖北工业大学11级英语专业语言学作业
Test Three: Morphology
I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Choose the best answer. (20%)
Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme. A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization. A. three B. four C. five D. six In English –ise and –tion are called __________. A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________. A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word. A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition The word TB is formed in the way of __________. A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________. A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy The stem of disagreements is __________. A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement All of them are meaningful except for __________. A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph
7. 8. 9. 10.
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second
element receives secondary stress.
12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.
13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed. 14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the
word-class of the base.
15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.
16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word. 17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.
18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. 19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. 20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.
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湖北工业大学11级英语专业语言学作业
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a
word.
22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.
23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and
__________.
24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.
25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while
the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class. 26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.
27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional
endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.
28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.
29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is
called a __________.
30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Blending 32. Allomorph
33. Closed-class word 34. Morphological rule
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大
学，2003）
36. What are the main features of the English compounds?
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大
学，2004） I II (1) acronym a. foe (2) free morpheme b. subconscious (3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO (4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed (5) prefix e. calculation
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湖北工业大学11级英语专业语言学作业
Test Four: Syntax
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear B. only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite
3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical
sentences. A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D. combinational 4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati-cal knowledge in
the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical 5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the
embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator 6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional 7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. all of the above.
8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________. A. the city B. Rome C. city D. the city Rome 9. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction. A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate
10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a
__________ sentence. A. simple B. coordinate C. compound D. complex
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the
system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.
12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of
sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
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湖北工业大学11级英语专业语言学作业
13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. 14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to
the same syntactic category.
15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members
are allowed for.
16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed,
namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.
17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the
verb.
18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and
phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.
19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.
20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences
at the level of D-structure.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate
and stands alone as its own sentence.
22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to
form a complete statement, question or command.
23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the
predicate.
24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says
something about the subject is grammatically called __________.
25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the
other.
26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an
__________ clause.
27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are
constantly added.
28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient
should stay adjacent to each other.
29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.
30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in
subject and object positions.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Syntax 32. IC analysis
33. Hierarchical structure
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湖北工业大学11级英语专业语言学作业
34. V. 35. 36.
Trace theory
Answer the following questions. (20%)
What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）
Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence: The student wrote a letter yesterday.
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