Line × most probably refers to .] 和句子意思题 (Which of the following statements is closest is meaning to the sentence \??\in Paragraph ×?) 也可以归入此类。 四、推理题 这类问题主要测试考生能否在理解字面意义的基础上， 根据所读材料进行一定的判断和 推理，进而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。 主要形式有： 1. It is implied in the passage that . 2. The passage implies (suggests) that . 3. It can be inferred from the passage that . 4. It can be concluded from the passage that . 5. From the passage we can infer (draw the conclusion) that .
如果无法定位关键词，则：1.如有选项“以上各项皆是”，即为正确答案；2.看四个答案选 项中有无大部分相似的。如有，则意思完全相反的其中一个必是答案；否则则选最长的选项。 43
完形填空 完形填空 —— 必背文章汇总 1 Eat for a Good and Healthful Life [卫生类 C] Food keeps us alive. It is our sustenance and our pleasure. But recently, research has shown that the eating habits of the average Americans may be dangerous to future health. The foods Americans now choose are oftentimes too rich in calories and fats, so this article reports a new study: Diet and Health, Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. The study, conducted by the National Research Council's Committee on Diet and Health, concludes that balancing nutrition, calories and activity is key to enjoying a long and healthful life. The report recommends that most Americans increase physical activity to a moderate level and make changes in food choices and calories intake to maintain ideal weight. Most of us — even those of us at ideal weight — need to eat less fat so that no more than 30% of our daily calories will come from fat. That means cutting down on red meat and whole milk dairy products. Indeed, eat fish, chicken without skin, lean meats, and low — fat and no — fat dairy products. The report of the Committee on Diet and Health recommends we eat five or more 1/2 — cup servings of vegetables and fruits daily — especially green and yellow vegetables and citrus fruits. Eating more fruits and vegetables doesn't have to mean increased calories intake. Many plant foods are nutrient — rich; they provide many vitamins and minerals for very few calories. Nutrient — rich foods are particularly important for Americans over 50. As we age, we need to eat less because our bodies need fewer calories to function properly. But we still need full measures of vitamins and minerals to release the energy in our foods and make us feel strong and healthy. 为好而健康的生活而吃饭 食品维持着我们的生存。它是我们的营养品也是我们的乐趣。但近来的研究表明，普通 美国人的饮食习惯对未来健康可能是危险的。 美国人现在所选择的食物常常富含卡洛里和脂肪。所以这篇文章将报道一项新的研究： 饮食与健康，减少慢性病风险的暗示。 这次由国家卫生饮食调查委员会进行的调查得出的结论认为： 营养的均衡、 卡洛里以及 活动是健康长寿的关键。 报告建议大多数美国人把活动提高到一个适当的程度并且要改变对食物的选择和卡洛 里的摄入以保持理想的体重。 大多数人——甚至那些体重理想的人——必须少吃脂肪， 以使我们所摄入的脂肪的卡洛 里不超过 30％。 这意味着少吃牛羊肉以及各种各样的乳品。确实，要吃些鱼，不带皮的鸡肉、瘦肉以及 低脂肪的或脱脂肪乳制品。 卫生饮食委员会建议大家每天吃 5 份或 5 份半的水果和蔬菜——特别是绿色和黄色蔬菜 以及柑橘类水果。 吃更多的水果和蔬菜不一定就意味着卡洛里摄入量的提高。 许多来源于植物的食品维生 素和矿物质很多，含热量却很少。 对于 50 岁以上的
美国人，营养丰富的食品尤为重要。当我们变老时，我们必须吃得更
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少， 因为我们的身体发挥正常机能所需的卡洛里减少。 但我们仍然需要从食物中获得足量的 维生素和矿物质来释放能量，以使我们健康强壮。[卫生类 C] 2 One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live [综合类 B、理工类 C、卫生类 C]
It's now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it-one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves? In reality, of course, it was native to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potent potential weapon. 1 Undoubtedly several nations still have several. And the last \stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain. Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there's a good reason to keep the virus-just in case the disease puts in a reappearance. How do we deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple. Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that's open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn't mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, the let's make it the servant of all humanity-not just a part of it. 一个让天花存在的好理由 目前很可能我们永远都不会看到天花的彻底绝迹。这个观念掩盖 1980 年的光辉成就， 那时消灭了最后两个拥有这种致命病毒的实验室的病毒后。四处蔓延的天花已经被根除了。 那两个实验室，一个在美国，一个在俄国。如果天花真的在这个星球上消失了，那么保留这 些储备的意义何在？ 当然，事实上想像每个人都会放弃这样一种有效的潜在的武器是幼稚的。无疑，几个国 家仍旧有几瓶。美俄最后的“官方”的活病毒储备引起大家对这两个国家的不信任，因为并 没有获得明显的收获。 现在美国研究者们发现了人类疾病的动物版， 为试验新的治疗方法和新的疫苗开辟了道 路。因此，再次存在着一个保存病毒的理由——万一这种病卷土重来。 我们怎样应付对美国和俄国的不信任呢？很简单。 把病毒放在国际赞助的、 被严密监视 和向所有国家开放的联合国实验室中。 针对的对象当然是美国， 因为它反对任何事务的多边 化。但是这并不意味着这个想法是错的。如果病毒是有用的，那么让我们把它变成全人类的 奴仆——而不是一部分人的。[综合类 B、理工类 C、卫生类 C] 3 Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of Cancers [卫生类 C] Diet is second only to tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday. Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer, but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity play a major role. 45
\tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent. Obesity raises the risk if breast, wind, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver. Its dangerous impact is increased when combined with
smoking. Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hopping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answer. Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer. Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate. 饮食， 饮食，酒精与大约三分之一的癌症有关 一位重要的研究者在星期二说， 饮食是仅次于吸烟的导致癌症的原因， 在发达国家饮食 和酒精导致了大约 1/3 的癌症。 牛津大学的提姆· 凯博士在癌症会议上说， 科学家们正在研究特定的食物是怎样导致癌 症的，但是他们知道，饮食、酒精和肥胖起了很大作用。 他说： “如果没有肥胖的人，癌症能够减少 5％。 ” 然而吸烟和大约 30％的癌症有关，饮食和大约 25％的癌症有关，酒精和大约 6％的癌 症有关。 肥胖增加了乳腺、子宫、肠和肾脏得癌症的危险，而人们知道酒精会导致嘴、喉咙和肝 脏的癌症。以上因素如果和抽烟共同发生，危险性就会更大。 凯在英国慈善癌症研究会议上说， 人们还不知道与癌症相关的饮食中的其他因素， 但是 科学家们希望 EPIC 研究能够给出答案。EPIC 研究正在比较 10 个国家 50 万人的饮食和患 癌症的比例。 这个研究的早期结果揭示挪威、瑞典和丹麦消费水果和蔬莱的量在欧洲国家中是最低 的， 而意大利和西班牙的水果和蔬菜消费量是最大的。 专家推荐每天至少食用五份水果和蔬 菜来减少得癌症的风险。 EPIC 研究的带头科学家——凯说他们现在正在关注饮食和一些非常普遍的癌症之间的 联系，包括直肠癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌。[卫生类 C] 4 Passive Smoking Is Workplace Killer [卫生类 C]
Pressure mounted on Britain on Monday to take action on passive smoking with new research showing second-hand smoke kills about one worker each week in the hospitality industry. Professor Konrad Jamrozik, of Imperial College in London. Told a conference on environmental tobacco that second-hand smoking kills 49 employees in pubs. Restaurants and hotels each year and contributes to 700 deaths from lung cancer, heart disease and stroke across the total national work force. \in the hospitality industry at work outweighs the consequences of exposure of
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living with a smoker for those staff,\researchers have measured the levels of exposure to passive smoking but Jamrozik calculated how it would translate into avoidable deaths. His findings are based on the number of people working in the hospitality industry in Britain, their exposure to secondhand smoke and their suffering of dying form it. Jamrozik said the findings would apply to most countries in Europe because, to a greater or lesser extent, levels of smoking in the community are similar. Professor Carol Black, president of the Royal College of Physicians. Which sponsored the meeting, said the research is proof of the need for a ban on smoking in public places. \tobacco smoke in pubs, bars, restaurants and other public places is seriously damaging to the health of employees as wells as the general public,\places smoke-free not only protects vulnerable staff and the public, it will also help over 300,000 people in Britain to stop smoking completely.\she added. Ireland
recently became the first country to introduce a national ban on smoking in public places. New York and parts of Australia have taken similar measures. 被动吸烟是工作场所的杀手 当新的研究表明在服务行业二手烟每星期导致一个工人死亡后， 英国在星期一就受到新 被动吸烟采取行动的强大压力。 伦敦皇家学院的康拉德·吉姆罗兹克教授在环境烟草大会上说，在酒馆、酒吧、饭店和 旅馆，二手烟每年杀死 49 个工作人员，使全国的工作人员中的 700 人因为肺癌、心脏病以 及中风而死亡。 吉姆罗兹克在一次访谈中说：“对 员工来说在服务行业工作比和吸烟者一起生活产生的 后果更严重。 ” 其他的研究者衡量受到被动吸烟威胁的程度， 而吉姆罗兹克计算这将如何转化成可以避 免的死亡。 他的发现基于英国服务行业的工作人数， 他们受到了二手烟的危害并且有可能因此而死 亡。 吉姆罗兹克说这些发现应该用于欧洲大部分国家， 因为在这些社会中吸烟的程度或多或 少有相似性。 主办这个会议的皇家医学院院长卡罗· 布莱克教授说， 这个研究证明需要禁止在公共场 所吸烟。 她在一次讲话中说： “酒馆、酒吧、饭店和其他公共场所的环境烟草正在严重地损害着 工作人员和大众的身体健康。 ” 她又补充说： “使这些场所禁烟不仅能够保护易受伤害的工作人员和公众，还可以帮助 英国 30 万人完全戒烟。 ” 爱尔兰最近成为第一个实行全国公共场所禁烟的国家。 纽约和澳大利亚的某些地区也实 施了相似的政策。[卫生类 C] 5 Breastfeeding Can Cut Cardiovascular Risk [卫生类 B]
Breastfeeding can reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke later in life and could prevent hundreds of thousands of deaths each year, researchers said on Friday. Babies who are breastfed have fewer childhood infections and allergies and are less prone to obesity. British scientists have now shown that breastfeeding and slow grown in the first weeks
47 and months of life has a protective effect against cardiovascular disease. \that promote more rapid growth put babies at risk many years later in terms of raising their blood pressure, raising their cholesterol and increasing their tendency to diabetes and obesity — the four main risk factors for stroke and heart attack,\said Professor Alan Lucas of the Institute of Child Health in London. \suggests that the reason why breast-fed babies do better is because they grow more slowly in the early weeks.\Lucas said the effects of breastfeeding on blood pressure and cholesterol later in life are greater than anything adults can do to control the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, other than taking drugs. An estimated 17 million people die of various disease, particularly heart attack and strokes, each year, according to the World Health Organisation. Lucas and his colleagues compared the health of 216 teenagers who as babies had either been breastfed or given different nutritional baby formulas. They reported their findings in The Lancet medical journal. The teenagers who had been breastfed had a 14-percent lower ratio of bad to good cholesterol and lower concentrations of a protein that is a marker for cardiovascular disease risk. The researchers also found that regardless of the child's weight at birth, the faster the infants grew in the early weeks and months of life, the greater was their later risk of heart disease and stroke. The effect was the same for both boys and girls. \cholesterol level is, the lower your blood pressure is 16 years later,\Lucas said. 母乳喂养能够减少心血管疾病的危险 专家在周五说母乳喂养能够减少今后生活中出现心脏病和中风的可能， 并且每年可以避 免成千上万的死亡。 用母乳喂养的婴儿在童年比别的儿
童更少感染疾病或过敏， 并且更少肥胖。 英国科学家 目前指出， 母乳喂养和在出生后的前几个星期和月份内生长缓慢可以起到避免心血管疾病的 保护作用。 伦敦儿童卫生学院的阿兰·卢卡斯教授说： “促进快速生长的饮食会使婴儿在多年之后 容易得血压高、胆固醇高、糖尿病及肥胖症——这是导致中风和心脏病的四个危险因素。 ” “我们的证据显示母乳喂养的孩子之所以更健康， 是因为它们在生命的最初几个星期里 生长得更慢。 ” 卢卡斯说母乳喂养对今后生活中血压和胆固醇的作用比除吃药之外成年人为控制导致 心血管病的因素而使用的任何方法都有效。 根据世界卫生组织报告，每年大约有 1700 万人死于心血管病，特别是心脏病和中风。 卢卡斯和他的同事比较了 216 个十几岁的青少年的健康状况， 他们幼年时有的是母乳喂 养的，有的食用的是营养配方奶粉。他们在兰斯特医学杂志上发表了他们的发现。 在坏胆固醇和好胆固醇的比例方面，吃母乳的青少年的比例低 14％，并且他们的蛋白 质积聚也比较低，而蛋白质积聚是导致心血管病的因素之一。 研究者还发现， 不论孩子出生时的体重是多少， 孩子在最初几个星期或几个月里长得越 快，他们在今后的生活中的心脏病和中风的危险就越大。这种作用对男孩女孩都一样。 卢卡斯说： “在新生期间喝越多的人奶，16 年后胆固醇水平和血压就越低。 ”[卫生类 B] 48 6
Healthy Food [卫生类 B]
Street sellers, particularly in developing countries, supply large amounts of food for people on low incomes. This sector also employs some 6% ~ 25% of the work force, mainly women, in developing countries, and provides markets for agricultural and other produce. In many countries, however, the authorities are not willing to recognize it as a formal sector of the food supply system, they may ignore it In food control programs of even try to put and end to it. There are two possible contaminants: pathogenic micro-organisms and hazardous chemicals. As far as micro-organisms are concerned, there is apparently no convincing evidence that street foods are more involved in the transmission of infection than foods obtained in, e.g., hotels. Studies in Egypt and else-where have found street foods to compare not unfavorably with hotel foods in respect of contamination with micro-organisms-some street foods were found to be contaminated with pathogens, but so were foods from four-and five-star hotels in the same area. Hazardous chemicals have been found in street foods, and food exposed for sale on roadsides may become contaminated by lead from vehicle exhausts. Health dangers may arise from: purchase of raw around of poor quality; improper storage, processing, and cooking, leading to reuse of water; limited piped drinking-water; lack of refrigeration; unsatisfactory waste-disposal facilities; and personal cleanliness. The authorities should take into account the potentials of different categories of food for transmitting disease, and should control appropriately for the different categories — sellers of bottled drinks require less control than those of food. Dry foodstuff, dried grains, and sugared foods are less likely to transmit disease than gravies, cooked rice, and low-acid milk, egg, and meat products. Similarly foods which are thoroughly cooked and eaten at once are safer than precooked food kept at high temperatures for several hours. 健康食品 街头小贩，特别是在发展中国家，为低收入的人们提供了大量的食品。在发展中国家， 这个部门雇佣了 6％ ~ 25％的劳动力，特别是妇女，而且为农业生产和其他生产提供市场。 但是在许