多国家， 官方不愿承认这是食品供应系统的一个正式部门。 他们在食品控制纲要中 可能对它忽略不计，甚至企图终止这个部门。 有两种可能的污染源：致病的微生物，有毒的化学制品。就微生物而言，没有明显的有 力证据证明街头食品比旅馆的食品更能传播传染病。 埃及和其他地方的研究已经发现在微生 物污染方面街头食品并不比旅馆食品差——人们发现一些街头食品被病原体所污染， 但在相 同地区的一些四、五星级的旅馆中的食品同样也受到病原体的污染。 街头食品已经被发现含有有毒化学物， 而且在路边摆着卖的食品可能被汽车废气中的铅 所污染。 对健康的威胁主要源于：购买质量不好的原材料，不适当的储藏、加工以及烹饪，重复 用水，有限的管道饮用水，缺乏冷藏；以及不能令人满意的废物清除设备；没有经验或不讲 个人卫生。 当局应该考虑到各种食品传播疾病的可能， 而且应当对不同种类加以适当地控制——对 于卖瓶装饮料的要求要比卖食品的要求少。粮食、干蔬菜和糖类食品要比肉汁、米饭以及低 酸牛奶， 鸡蛋以及肉制品传播疾病的可能性要小。 同样的立即吃掉的煮熟的食品要比在高温 里放了几个小时还没煮的食品安全得多。[卫生类 B] 49 7
Many Children's Deaths Preventable: WHO [卫生类 A]
Over five million children die each year from disease, infections and accidents related to their environment although many of these deaths are largely preventable, says the World health Organization. On Monday, the WHO asked governments and citizens around the world to take action to create healthy environments for children as it celebrated World Health Day. \very places that should be safest-home, school and community,\Brundtland, director-general of the WHO at theday's launch in New Delhi, India. \child has the right to grow up in a healthy home, school and community. They future development of our children-and of their world-depends on their enjoying good health now. We have their future in our hands. Now we must work more effectively together to reduce the risks from the environment which our children face,\Brundtland said. This year's theme, \faced by children in and around the places where they live and play. These include inadequate access to safe drinking water and sanitation, insect-borne diseases, air pollution, chemical hazards and injuries from traffic, falls, burns and drownings. Communities around the world organized events to promote awareness of children's health issues, which included drawing contests for schoolchildren in Vietnam, street plays in India, puppet shows in Namibia professional lectures for policy makers in Germany and elsewhere. Activities also took place in cities across Canada on Monday, including Calgary, Montreal, Halifax and Ottawa. Although children under five represent only 10 per cent of the world's population, they bear 40 per cent of the global disease burden, says the WHO. And as much as one-third of the total burden of disease may be caused by environmental factors. World health Day has been celebrated on April 7th since 1950. Each year the WHO chooses a theme to highlight areas of particular concern. Last year's theme, Move for health, focused on promoting physical activity as part of healthy living. 世界卫生组织： 世界卫生组织：许多孩子的死亡是可以预防的 世界卫生组织报告， 每年都有 500 万以上的儿童死于与他们所处环境有关的疾病、 感染 或事故，尽管其中的许多情况都是可以预防的。 周一，世界卫生组织在庆祝世界卫生日时，呼吁全世界的政府和人民都采取行动，为孩 子们创造一个健康的环境。
世界卫生组织的总干事高· 哈兰姆· 布朗德特兰博士今天在印度新德里的启动仪式上说： “家庭、 学校和社会应该是最安全的地方， 可是对儿童健康的最大威胁就是存在于这些本该 是最安全的地方。 ” “每个孩子都有权享受在家庭、 学校和社区健康成长的权利。 我们孩子们未来的发展和 他们的世界的发展都取决于他们现在是否能享有良好的家庭。 布朗德特兰博士说， ” “我们现 在应当更有效地工作，以减少我们孩子所面临的来自环境的危险。 ” 今年的主题 “为孩子创造健康环境” 重点关注在孩子们居住和玩耍的地方所可能面临的
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危险。 这些危险包括，利用不到安全的饮用水和卫生的环境、昆虫传播的疾病、空气污染、化 学品的危害和交通事故、摔跤、烧伤、溺水带来的伤害。 世界各地的团体组织各种各样的活动来提高对儿童健康问题的认识， 像在越南举行的学 龄儿童的绘画比赛、 印度的街头表演、 纳米比亚的木偶剧以及在德国及其他一些地方面向政 策制定者们所做的一些职业讲座。 周一，包括卡尔加里、蒙特利尔、哈利法克斯和渥太华在内的加拿大各城市也举行了各 种活动。 世界卫生组织说，尽管 5 岁以下的儿童只占世界人口的 10％，但他们却背负着全球疾 病总量的 40％，而全球疾病总量的 1／3 是由环境因素导致的。 自从 1950 年以来，每年的 4 月 7 日都作为世界卫生日来庆祝。而且每年世界卫生组织 都选择一个主题来强调某一领域的特殊问题。去年的主题是“为健康而行动” ，强调了增强 体育运动作为健康生活的一部分。[卫生类 A] 8 Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack [卫生类 A]
German researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators and early — warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection from sudden death from cardiac arrest. In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart's rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruptions to heart rhythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker. Heart specialists at Freiburg's University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating a six — channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood — flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders of ECG data more precise. The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. \of the current programs only take into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use of a non — linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,\Knaf says, \individual variations in patients taken into account.\An old study of ECG data, based upon 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better. 科学家探索发现心脏病的方法 德国研究者们发明了新一代的除颤器和旨在为心脏病人提供更多保护， 使他们免遭心脏 停止导致的突然死亡的早期预报软件。 仅在德国每年
就有 10 万人死于心脏停止。其中大部分是由于心律中断导致的。危险最
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大的是那些已经犯过一次心脏病的病人。 几年来除颤器被证实在探测心律中止和在几秒钟内 实施自动干涉以调整心律的诊断中是有用的。这种方法起到了很多作用，例如起搏器。 弗莱伯大学诊所的心脏病专家已经在内置除颤器方面取得了突破性成就。 这种除颤器可 以在体内产生六个频道的心电图。 这个综合体系使血液流通问题和即将发生的心脏病可被早 些诊断出来。今年它将第一次被植入病人体内。同时，凯瑟劳特的弗劳胡佛实用数学学院的 研究者开发了一种新计算机软件。这种软件使心电图数据更加准确。 大部分有风险的患者不能用内置除颤器，因此必须接受常规的心电图检查。 “目前的许 多计划只把数据的线性关系考虑在内。 但是我们现在使用的是能够将心脏跳动的混乱模式作 为一个直观而又复杂的系统揭示出来的非线性处理方法” 。海根·纳夫说， “这样心脏跳动频 率的变化就会受到控制，而病人个人的特征也会得到考虑。 ”一个基于 600 位连续犯心脏病 的患者的以前的心电图数据研究使科学家们能够比较两种风险， 结果显示新软件明显能更好 地处理心电图数据。[卫生类 A] 9 Captain Cook Arrow Legend [理工类 C]
It was a great legend while it lasted, but DNA testing has finally ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explore Captain James Cook who died in the Sandwich Islands in 1779. \the Australian Museum,\announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook's bone. But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its exhibition, \Treasures of the Australian Museum,\which does include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani'opu'u in 1778. Cook was one of Britain's great explorers and is credited with discovering the \was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii. The legend of Cook's arrow began in 1824 when Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams, a London surgeon and relative of Cook's wife, saying it was made of Cook's bone after the fatal fight with islanders. In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued until it came face-to-face with science. DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook's bone but was more likely made of animal bone, said Philp. However, Cook's fans refuse to give up hope that one Cook legend will prove true and that part of his remains will still be uncovered, as they say there is evidence not all of Cook's body was buried at sea in 1779. \Thornton, president of the Captain Cook Society, in a statement from Britain. \I am sure that one of these days ?? one of the Cook legends will prove to be true and it will happen one day.\库克船长弓箭的传说 这本是个绝妙的传说，但 DNA 测试最终结束了这个长达两个世纪之久的古老故事。传 说是关于一支据说是用 1779 年在桑伟奇群岛死去的英国探险家船长詹姆士·库克的遗骨刻 成的夏威夷弓箭。 在不久前 DNA 证据宣布该弓箭并非来自于库克船长的遗骨时，澳大利亚博物馆收藏经
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理尤帝·菲利普说： “澳大利亚博物馆里并没有库克的遗骨。 ”但这并不能停止博物馆在展览 会上展出弓箭。 “考古发现：澳大利亚博物馆的宝藏”展览中的确还展示了一个在 1778 年夏 威夷国王卡兰尼欧普送给库克的一个羽毛斗篷。 库克是英国最伟大的探险家之一，他在 1770 年发现了“南大陆” ，也就是现在的澳大利 亚。此后在桑伟奇群岛被棒
击致死。 库克弓箭传说始于 1824 年，当时夏威夷国王卡在弥留之际将弓箭赐给了库克妻子的亲 戚，一名伦敦外科医生威廉·亚当斯，并告诉他弓箭是在那次致命殴打后用库克的遗骨做成 的。 在 19 世纪 90 年代， 弓箭被交给澳大利亚博物馆。 这个传说直到与科学直接接触才停止。 据菲利普说， 澳大利亚和新西兰的试验室的 DNA 测试证实弓箭并非取材于库克的遗骨， 而更可能来自动物的骨头。 但是，库克迷们却不肯放弃希望。他们期待库克传说之一将会被证明是正确，并且他的 部分遗骨还会被发现。正如他们所说，有证据表明库克的遗骨并不是在 1779 年全都葬身大 海了。库克船长协会的会长克利夫·托马森在一个来自英国的声明中说： “在这个问题上， 科技取得了胜利。我坚信某一天库克传说之一将会被证明是真的。 ”[理工类] 10 Singing Alarms Could Save The Blind [理工类 C] If you cannot see, you may not be able to find your way out of a burning building — and that could be fatal. A company in Leeds could change all that with directional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit. Sound Alert, a company run by the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for blind people in Sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in Cumbria. The alarms produce a wide range of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the sound is coming from. Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be heard by humans. \is burst of white noise that people say sounds like static on the radio.\She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of a large smoke-filled room. It took them nearly four minutes to find the door without a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one. Withington studies how the brain processes sounds at the university. She says that the source of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band. Alarms based on the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles. The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up or down stairs. They were developed with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels. 警报器救盲人 如果看不见，那你可能会因找不到路而逃不出一幢失火楼房，那将是致命的。英国利兹 市的一家公司发明的一种可指方向的警报器可能会把你引向出口。 声音警报是一家由利兹大学设立的公司。 该公司现在正在为位于萨莫塞特的一家盲人收 容所和位于卡姆布雷亚的一家盲人资源中心安装此种装置。这种警报器发出的频率范围广， 使人脑可以判断出声音的来源。 53
该公司的戴博拉·威星顿称此种警报器使用人类可以听到的大部分音频。她说： “它们 是一种突出的频谱连续而均匀的噪音。人们感觉它们听上去就像是收音机发出的静电噪声， 其在救人方面潜力巨大。 ” 她进行了一次试验。 她让人们在一所充满浓烟的大屋子里设法找到出路， 同时她用热效 应成像摄像机进行拍摄。在没有警报器时，这些人用了近 4 分钟才找到门，而在警报器的指 引下，只用了 15 秒。 她在大学里对人脑如何处理声音进行研究， 并提出与波段窄的频率相比， 人们更容易发 现波段宽的音响源。基于此理论的警报器已被应用于急救车上。 这种警报器也容纳了音频的升降，以指示人们上、下楼。这种设备是得到英国核燃料组 织的大笔资助才开发成功的。[理工类 C] 11 Car Thieves could Be Stopped Remotely [理工类 C]
Speeding off ina stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. But he is in a nasty surprise. The car is fitted with a remote immobilizer and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine
off, he will not be able to start it again. For now, such devices are only available for fleets of trucks and specialist vehicles used on construction sites. But remote immobilization technology could soon start to trickle down to ordinary cars, and are be available to ordinary cars in the UK in two months. The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to the car incorporates a miniature cellphone, a microprocessor and memory, and a GPS satellitepositioning receiver. If the car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicle's engine management system and prevent the engine being restarted. There are even plans for immobilizers that shut down vehicles on the move, though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system. In the UK. An array of technical fixes is already making life harder for car thieves. \of Thatcham, a security research organization based in Berkshire that is funded in part by the motor insurance industry. He says it would only take him a few minutes to teach a novice how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools. But only if the car is more than 10 years old. Modern cars are a far tougher proposition, as their engine management computer will not allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition key. In the UK, technologies like this have helped achieve a 31 per cent drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997. But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars. Often by getting hold of the owner's keys in a burglary. In 2000, 12 per cent of vehicles stolen in the UK were taken using the owner's keys double the previous year's figure. Remote-controlled immobilization system would put a major new obstacle in the criminal's way by making such thefts pointless. A group that includes That cham, the police, insurance companies and security technology firms have developed standards for a system that could go on the market sooner than the customer 远程制止偷车贼 超速驾驶在偷来的汽车里，偷车贼以为自己大获全胜。但是他马上就会又惊又恼。车上 已经被装了远程制动装置， 一个几英里以外的控制中心发来的无线信号将确保盗贼一旦启动 54
引擎，他就不能再次发动汽车了。 目前， 这种装置只用于卡车队或者用于建筑工地的特殊车辆上。 但是远程制动技术很快 就会逐步应用到普通汽车上。并且应该在两个月之内用在英国的普通汽车上。 计划是这样的。把一个集合有微型无绳电话，微量处理器，存储器以及全球定位系统的 卫星接收器的控制盒子安装在汽车上。 如果汽车被盗， 一个被编码的无绳电话信号就会告诉 这个装置停止车辆引擎控制系统来阻止引擎再次被启动。 甚至还有一些人主张计划将制动装置装在运行着的车辆上， 可是这一来人们就会担心这 个系统的安全性。 在英国， 一系列的技术装置已经让盗车贼步履维艰了。 玛丁兰多来自位于贝克郡的一个 由汽车保险工业投资成立的名为撒策姆的安全研究机构。他说： “车辆盗窃的手法已经有所 改变。 ” 他还声称只要是 10 年以上的汽车，他就能用几样简单的工具在几分钟之内教会一个新 手怎样偷车。 现代车却远没有这么简单， 因为它们的引擎管理计算机装置只有接收到一个独一无二的 由点火钥匙发送过来的身份密码才可以启动汽车。自 1997 年以来，在英国，技术人员已经 利用此项技术帮助减少了 31％的涉及车辆犯罪案。 但是不死心的盗贼们却还在一直想方设法偷车。 例如很多时候， 他们在夜里盗走主人的 汽车钥匙进而偷车。在 2000 年，英国 12％的车辆被盗案是由于主人的钥匙被盗，这个数字 比前一年增长了 1 倍。 远程控制的制动系统给盗贼设置了一个全新的障碍。包括撒策姆，公安部门，保险公司 以及安全技术公司的这样一个群体已经为体系开发出了一个标准， 将比顾客所预