五、 少量形容词后面可以加-ing分词构成可以后置的短语。如:
peasants busy getting in crops 忙于收割庄稼的农夫们
a student long understanding the problem好不容易才弄懂这个问题的学生
六、 表示距离和时间的名词词组常与后面的形容词一起构成可以后置的形容词短语。如:
a 1eaning tower about 180 feet high 一座约一百八十英尺高的斜塔 a poor little boy, not over 12 years old 一个不超过十二岁的贫苦小男孩
七、 后置的形容词短语还可常由 more...than, no more...than 和 not more...than 等比较级结构或
as...as 结构组成。如:
a student no more diligent than Tom一个和汤姆一样不勤奋的学生 a book as interesting as this one一本与此书同样有趣的书 这种结构同样可以采取分隔形式:
She is a girl as clever as Mary. = She is as clever a girl as Mary. 她是一个象玛丽一样聪明的姑娘。
八、 有些表语形容词(一般多为a-开头)也可以置于名词之后,其功能相当于定语从句。如:
the baby asleep那个熟睡的婴儿
the boy afraid of exams那个怕考试的男孩 九、 单个的分词修饰名词时,可以前置,也可以后置。如:
a stolen car = a car stolen被盗的轿车 若用分词短语修饰名词, 则应后置。如:
a girl interested in maths一位对数学感兴趣的姑娘 the man married to Helen那位与海伦结了婚的男人
七、“It”的用法
“It”在英语中用法非常广泛，但也容易被人误用。笔者现将其常见用法做一简要介绍。 一、作为代词的it
1． 用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。
The frog is not a warm-blooded animal. It’s a cold-blooded one. 2． 用以代替提示代词this, that。
— What’s this? —It’s a flag.
— Whose exercise book is that? — It’s here. 3． 起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。
— Who is knocking at the door? — It’s me.
— Who is making such a noise? — It must be the children. 4． 指环境情况等。
It was very quiet (noisy) at the moment. 5． 指时间，季节等。
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— What time is it? — It is eight o’clock. 6． 指天气或气候。
It often rains in summer.
It’s very cold today, isn’t it?
7． 指距离。
It is five kilometers from the office to my home.
It is a long way to the factory. 二、作为引导词的it 1. 作形式主语。
当动词不定式（或不定式的复合结构）、动名词或从句作主语时，通常把它们放在谓语之后，而用it作句子的形式主语。例如：
It is not easy to finish the work in two days. It is not a good habit to stay up late. It is no use crying over the spilt milk. It is a pity that you didn’t read the book. 2. 作形式宾语。
当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句时， 往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。例如： I think it no use arguing with him. I found it very interesting to study English.
He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject. 3. 用于强调结构。
要强调句子的某一部分（通常是主语、状语、宾语），可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是 ―It is (was)＋被强调部分＋that (who) +句子的其余部分.‖ 如果被强调的部分是人， 可用who, whom代替that, 例如：
It is Prof. Lin who / that teaches us English.（强调主语） It is English that Prof. Lin teaches us.（强调宾语） It was in Shanghai that I saw the film.（强调状语） It was in 1975 that I worked in a factory.（强调状语）
巩固训练
1. There is a photo on the wall. ________a photo of Lei Feng.
A. it A. it A. it his duty A. that
B. It’s B. its B. his duty B. it
C. Its C. it’s C. that is a duty C. this
D. He’s D. this
D. that is his duty D. as
2. The people there felt ________not so difficult to work with him. 3. He felt ________to work for human rights and progress.
4. People in the west make ________a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends. 5. ________needs further discussion whether we’ll build a library or not.
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A. We A. that; lying A. you A. This; talking A. was A. It was A. you’ll take A. who A. why A. until; when A. which A. that necklace. A. which A. where A. that A. that’s A. It A. which A. There A. There
B. He B. this; laid B. that B. It; to talk B. are B. There was B. will take you B. whom B. that `B. until; that B. when B. after
C. It C. it; to lie C. it C. It; talking C. were C. There is C. you’ll take it C. how C. which C. not until; that C. as C. when
D. The thing D. it; lying D. its D. That; to talk D. had been D. It is
D. will it take you D. that D. so
D. not when; that D. that D. who
6. We found ________impossible to take the defeat ________down. 7. I think ________right that you didn’t go there. 8. ________is no good ________without doing anything.
9. It ________Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago. 10. ________four years since I left the Lao Shan front. 11. How long ________to finish the work?
12. It was through Jack ________Mary got to know Bob.
13. It was simply for that reason ________I wouldn’t tell him the truth.
14. It was ________I went there ________I began to know something about the matter. 15. It was on October 1st ________new China was founded. 16. It’s the third time ________I have been here.
17. It was ten years later ________Mathilde knew that the lost necklace was not a real diamond
B. that B. that B. what B. so B. I B. when B. Where B Where
C. what C. in which C. which C. that C. We C. that C. It C. It
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D. but D. on which D. when D. and D. They D. had D. What D. What
18. It was in the rice fields ________we had our League meeting. 19. It was at the gate ________he told me the news.
20. Was it because he was very ill ________he asked for leave? 21. ________will take you a lot of time to find him in the crowd. 22. It was not until last night________ he finally made up his mind. 23. ________is different between A and B. 24. ________is no difference between A and B.
25. He said ―________a long way to school. ________a long way to go yet before we arrive.‖
A. It is; There is
B. There is; it is
C. It is; It is
D. There is; There is
KEY: 1—10. BAABC DCCAD 11—20. DDBCD ABBAC 21—25. ACCAA
八、情态动词
情态动词顾名思义就是表示情感和态度的词，常见的有：can (could); may (might); must; have to; shall (should); will (would); need; dare (dared); ought to; 情态动词没有人称和数的变化，不能单独使用，它与其后的动词原形合成谓语结构。它们的用法如下： 一. can和could 的用法
1. 表示能力或客观的可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如：
Can you finish this work tonight? — Can I go now? 注意：
1) could表示语气较委婉的请求，主要用语疑问句，（用于此意义时不用在肯定句）答
语用can。
— Could I come to see you tomorrow?
— Yes, you can. (不能用could). （否定句常用No, I'm afraid not.） 2) can表示能力时，还可以用 ―be able to‖ 代替，例如：
I'll be able to come this afternoon.
但当我们要表示“某件事已成”时，须用 ―was (were) able to‖不能用could，例如： He was able to go to the party yesterday evening and he enjoyed himself very much.
2. 表示“惊异、怀疑、不相信”的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句和感叹句中）
Can this be true?
How can you say like that?
This cannot be done by him.
3. ―can (could) + have + done‖ 的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。
He cannot have been to that town.
二. may 和might 的用法
1. 表示许可，表示请求、允许时，might 比may 的语气更加委婉一些，否定回答时可用
can’t 或mustn’t, 表示“不可以、禁止、阻止”之意。 例如： — Might I use your pen?
— No, you mustn’t.
— Yes, you can (— No, you can’t/ mustn’t.)
— May I take this book out?
Can he have got the book?
Man cannot live without air. — Yes, you can.
用May I… 征询对方许可在文体上较正式，在口气上比较客气，在日常口语中，用Can I… 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。 2. 用于表示祝愿的句子中。例如： May you success! May you be happy! 3. 表示推测、可能（疑问句中不用于此意）
He may be very busy now. (此句中用might 语气较弱)
4. ―May (Might) + have + done‖ 表示对过去发生的行为的推测。例如：
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May you have a good journey!
He may not have finished the work. (此句中用might 语气较更弱)
三. must 和 have to 的用法
1. 表示“必须、必要”。
You must come on time.
当must 引出的问句时， 若是否定的回答，不能用mustn’t，而用needn’t或don’t have to. — Must we hand in our exercise our books today? — Yes, you must. (No, needn’t/you don’t have to.)
2. ―must be + 表语‖的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问形式用can 代替must。如：
He must be our new teacher.
Can he be our new teacher?
He can’t be our new teacher.
※ 附加疑问句要和谓语动词实际时态一致。如： He must be our new teacher, isn’t he? 3. ―must + have +done‖ 的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去或完成的情况推测，它的否定
或疑问形式也用can代替must. He must have finished his work.
※ 附加疑问句也要和谓语动词实际时态一致。如： He must have finished his work already, hasn’t he? He must have finished his work at four yesterday, didn’t he? 4. have to 的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随have
的变化而定，must 与have to有下列几点不同：
1) must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要，例如：
The play is not interesting. I really must go now. I had to work when I was your age. 2) 两者的否定意义大不相同。例如：
You mustn’t go. (你不可以去) 3) 询问对方的意见时应用must。
Must I hand in the exercise book before eight? 4) must 表示“偏偏”
Must it rain today? （今天怎么偏偏下雨呢？）
四. dare 和need的用法
1. need表示“需要，必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于疑问句和否定句，在肯定句中一般用
must, have to, ought to,或should代替。例如： You needn’t come so early.
— Need I clean all the room right now?
— Yes, you must. (— No, you needn’t.)
注意：needn’t + have +done表示“本来不必要做的事而实际上做了”，例如： You needn’t have waited for me. 你本来没有必要等我的。
2. dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句，否定句和条件句中，一般不用于肯定句，例如：
How dare you take my book without permission? He dare not speak English before such a crowd, dare he?
3. need和dare作情态动词时，过去时形式与现在形式相同（美国英语中可用dared）。
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You don’t have to go. (你不必去)