He was so angry that no one dared say a word. They said that he needn’t stay there any longer.
4. need和dare常用实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化。不同的是dare作实义动词时，
在肯定句中通常接带to的不定式，在疑问句和否定句中，dare之后的不定式可带to或不带to。例如：
He needs to finish the work before nightfall. I dare to swim across this river.
He does not dare (to) answer the teacher’s question. Don’t you dare (to) touch it? I wonder he dared say that.
5. I dare say是习惯用语，常可写为I daresay，用法有以下几种：
1) ―敢于说‖，通常接that或what引导的名词性从句。
I dare say that he has stolen Tom’s football. I dare say what I think. 2) “我想；恐怕；大概；也许是”，通常作插入语用，使句子委婉。
I dare say there is something wrong with the machines. You’re tired, I dare say. You, I dare say, think otherwise. 3) I dare say往往也作为反语使用。
Oh, you mean to defeat our football team? I dare say you will. （噢！你们想赢我们的足球队？也许可以吧。）
五. shall和should的用法。
1. shall用于第一人称疑问句。表示征求对方意见。
What shall we do this evening? Shall I open the window?
2. shall 用语第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
When shall he be able to leave the hospital?
3. shall用于第二、三人称的陈述句，表示说话人给对方的“命令、警告、允诺或威胁”。
You shall fail if you don’t work harder. He shall have the book when I finish reading. He shall be punished.
4. should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to，在疑问句中，通常用should代替
ought to.
You should go to class right away. Should I open the window?
5. should + have +done应该做的事实上没做；shouldn’t have done不该做的事却已经做了，
常含有责备的意思。
You should have started earlier this morning. You shouldn’t have treated her like that.
六. will和would的用法。
1. 用于疑问句表示请求、建议等，would比will的语气更加委婉。
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Will you please give me a hand? Would you mind my smoking here? 2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。
I will never do that again.
They asked us if we would do that again.
3. 用“will be”和“will have done”的结构表示推测，主要用于二、三人称，前者表示对
目前的情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。 This will be the book you want. He will have arrived by now.
4. would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向，表示过去习惯时比used to正式，同时它
没有“现在已无此习惯”的含义。 I would visit him during my vacation. The patient would not recover. 5. 表示料想或猜想。
He would be your new teacher. He would not come any more.
七. ought to的用法。
1. ought to表示应该时意义与should基本一致，但更侧重于一种义务或责任。
You ought to take care of him. Parents ought to bring up their children. 2. 表示推测，注意与must表示推测时的区别。
He must be home by now. He ought to be home by now. This is where she must be. This is where she ought to be.
3. ought to have done的用法与should have done的用法相同
注意：ought to在美国英语中，用于否定句和疑问句时，to可以省略。如： Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn’t smoke so much.
八. used to; had better; would rather的用法。
1. used to表示过去习惯动作或状态，现在已经不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。如：
He told us he used to play football when he was young. 1) 在疑问句、否定句或否定疑问句中，可有两种形式。
疑问句：Did you used to/Used you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句：I usedn’t to/didn’t use to go there. (usedn’t 也可为usen’t, 发音不变)。 否定句疑问句：Usedn’t you to/Didn’t you used to be interested in the play? 2) 在附加疑问句和简略答语中，也可有两种形式。
She used to be very fat, didn’t/usedn’t she? — Did you used to/Used you to play chess? — Yes, I did/used to. 2. had better意为“最好”，后接不带to不定式。
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We had better go now. Hadn’t we better stop now? I think I’d better be going. You had better have done that.
3. would rather意为“宁愿”，表示选择，后接不带to的不定式。
I’d rather not say anything.
Would you rather work on a farm?
— Wouldn’t you rather stay here? — No, I would not. I’d rather go there. 由于would rather表选择，故后面可接than.
I would rather watch TV than go to see than go to see the film.
I would rather throw it away than you should get it.（若than后面接从句常用should do） I’d rather you didn’t talk about this to anyone.
※ would rather 还可写为would sooner/would as soon.
专项训练
单项选择
1. — Must we do it now?
A. won’t
A. needn’t to come A. No, you needn’t A. should. A. can A. may
— No, you________. B. needn’t B. don’t need come B. Not, please B.would B. could B. might
C. can’t
C. don’t need coming C. No, you mustn’t C. could C. would C. could
D. don’t D. needn’t come D. No, you won’t D. had D. must D. must
2. You________ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do. 3. — May I pick a flower in the garden? — ________.
4. — Can I leave this door open at night? — You________ better not. 5. Put on more clothes. You________ be feeling cold with only a shirt on.
6. I thought you________ like something to read, so I have brought you some books. 7. There was plenty of time. She________.
A. mustn’t have hurried C. must not hurry A. might lose A. must be A. might have given A. can’t
B. would have lost B. must have been B. might give B. couldn’t
B. couldn’t have hurried D. needn’t have hurried C. should have lost C. should be C. may have given C. may not
D. must have lost D. should have been D. may give D. might not
8. Where is my pen? I ________ it. 9. I didn’t hear the phone. I________ asleep.
10. He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy. 11. A computer ________ think for itself; it must be told what to do. 12. — Shall we go skating or stay at home? — Which ________ do yourself?
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A. do you rather A. have told A. I don’t A. must A. didn’t work A. had to by 12:00.
B. would you rather B. tell B. I won’t B. need B. won’t work B. would
C. will you rather C. is telling C. I can’t C. should C. can’t work C. could
D. should you rather D. having told D. I haven’t D. can D. doesn’t work D. was able to
13. Tom ought not to________ me your secret, but he meant no harm. 14. — Don’t forget to come top my birthday party tomorrow. — ________. 15. It nearly seven o’clock. Jack________ be here at any moment.
16. — Can I help you, sir? — Yes. I bought this radio here yesterday, but it________. 17. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone________ get out.
18. — When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. — They________ be ready
A. can A. I mustn’t A. must A. mustn’t leave A. must railway station. A. should A. can A. must A. will you A. are used to do A. mustn’t A. ought A. had better
B. can B. can to B. shall B. shall we B. used to do B. needn’t B. will B. would like to
C. must C. am able to C. may C. may I
C. are used to doing C. didn’t C. ought to C. would rather
D. will D. could D. can D. shall I D. used to doing D. hasn’t D. did
D. would sooner
24. I’ll do all I ________ help you.
25. Who________ it be that has left the book on my desk? 26. I wish to take a walk with you, ________? 27. Robots________ a lot of work in place of us.
28. He must have suffered a great deal from the Great Cultural Revolution,________ he? 29. You oughtn’t to have done wrong to him,________ you? 30. It’s very late. You________ go home now.
B. should B. I can’t B. would
C. might C. I needn’t C. should
D. need D. I won’t D. might D. needn’t leave D. may
19. — Will you stay for lunch? — Sorry,________. My brother is coming to see me. 20. — Are you coming to Jeff’s party? — I’m not sure. I________ go to the concert instead 21. I was really anxious about you. You________ home without a word.
B. shouldn’t have left C. couldn’t have left B. can
C. need
22. — Is John coming by train? — He should, but he ________ not. He likes driving his car.
23. A left-luggage office is a place where bags ________ be left for a short time, especially at a
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多项选择
31. The fellow________ have made some mistakes at school.
A. can A. should A. may A. may A. Should A. can’t A. must A. won’t A. should A. may
B. may B. can B. is able to B. have to B. Can B. mustn’t B. ought B. may not B. ought to B. would
C. must C. may C. can C. should C. Will C. may not C. have to C. mustn’t C. must C. must
D. might D. must
D. doesn’t have to D. must D. Would D. might D. should D. wouldn’t D. have to D. might
32. You________ take as much as you can.
33. Old as he is, he________ walk as fast as the young men. 34. I am sorry that I________ go now.
35. ________ you do me a favour to help me out?
36. He’s gone to Wuhan. He ________ be in the classroom now. 37. It’s terrible. Why________ it rain today? 38. — May I open the door? — No, you________. 39. Parents________ care for their children. It’s their duty. 40. That woman with glasses________ be your teacher.
KEY: 1—10. BDCDD BDDBA 11—20 ABABC DDBBD 21—30. BDDBD CACAA 31. BC 32. ABCD 33. BC 34. BCD 35. BCD 36. A 37. A 38. BC 39. ABCD 40. ABCD
九、There be 句式
―There be‖ 表示“存在”意义。本文对其用法作一归纳，供同学们参考。
一、There be ＋n.＋现在分词/过去分词/不定式。此句式中的非谓语动词用作定语。例如：
1. There were so many people watching the fire that the firefighters could not get close to the
burning building.
2. The minerals stay in the lake, because there is no river flowing out of the lake. 3. There is someone at the gate to see you. 4. There were millions of people killed in the war.
二、there be构成的独立主格结构在句中作状语，表示原因，条件等。例如：
1. There being no bus, he had to walk home.
(= As there was no bus, he had to walk home.)
2. There having been much rain, the potatoes went bad in the soil.
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