其它经济组织或个人，按照平等互利的原则，经中国政府批准，在中华人民共和国境内，同中国的公司、企业或其它经济组织共同举办合营企业。
c.f. I was walking by the Thames.Half past morning on an autumn day.Sun in a mist , like an orange in a fried fish shop.All bright below.Low tide, dusty water,and a crooked bar of straw, chicken-boxes,dirt and oil from mud to mud.Like a viper swimming in skim milk.The old serpent, symbol of love and nature.(from “The Horse’s Mouth”)
我沿着泰晤士河行走。一个秋日的早晨，已过一半时分。太阳蒙上了一层薄雾。像是炸鱼店里的一只橙子。下面整个世界一片明亮。落潮了，河水布满了灰尘，水上漂着一只歪歪扭扭的稻草把，几只鸡笼子。油污蠕动着流过一滩滩烂泥。宛如脱脂乳里游动的一条蝰蛇。这个撒旦，大自然和爱的象征。 The above two examples stand in striking contrast in language style.The former belongs to typical contractual language,being long and complicated , containing a lot of information with the basic structure (the underlined part) expressing main idea and several prepositional phrases and one adjective phrase used as adverbials serving “purpose, manner and conditions”.But the latter is clearly common English,used as literary language.The whole passage ,except for the first sentence,belongs to nominal structure,being incomplete and short ,with emphasis on images.
B.Use of formal structures
e.g.If Party B should fail to commit the Contract…Should /In case Party B fail to commit the Contract… ,which is including
a.the use of fixed sentence patterns
e.g..IN WITNESS WHEROF, this contract has been executed by the parties as of the date first above written. 本合同于合同签署之日生效，以此为证。 由__与__同意按下列条款,签订本合同。
The Contract is made by and between___and__according to the terms and conditions below.
根据__,本着__,经过__,双方同意___。兹订立本合同。
In accordance with___,adhering to ____and through____,both parties agree____.The Contract is worked out thereunder. 我们已收悉你们第A3481号信用证，非常感谢。
We are in receipt of/admit /acknowledge /receipt of/have received (with thanks)your L/C No.A3481 with thanks.
我们已收到用以支付你们第162号订单的第D76385号信用证。
We have received your L/C No.D 76385 covering your Order No.162. 我们很高兴收到你们第712号订单，再次订购电动打字机。
We are pleased to have received your Order No.712 for a further supply of electric typewriters. 随函附上发票和提单。
We are enclosing the invoice and the bill of lading.
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一接到你们回信，我们即电报开出信用证。
Upon receipt of your reply we will open an L/C by cable. 根据贵方5月6日来函，我方乐意订购下列货物。
With reference to/ Regarding/In reply to /Referring to your letter of May 6,we are pleased to give an order for the following goods.
鉴于甲、乙双方就合作建设宁津县又一春生物化工有限公司（位于指定地点山东省德州市）以玉米为原料10万吨/年无水酒精装置中脱水装置工程达成一致。根据《中华人民共和国合同法》及有关规定，为明确双方在项目承包建设过程中的权利、义务和经济责任，经双方协商同意签订本合同。双方达成协议如下：Whereas, there is an agreement reached between the first Party and the second Party concerning their cooperative construction of dehydration project in the installation of one hundred thousand tons/year absolute alcohol production with corn as raw materials ,at the designated location of Ningjin Youyichun Biochemical Co.,Ltd.,Dezhou, Shangdong Province. In accordance with The Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China and other regulations and rules concerned, and for ascertaining the rights ,obligations and economic liabilities of parties in the process of contracting this project construction, both Parties have agreed to sign this contract with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:
b. the use of phrases instead of subordinate clauses:
e.g. an agreement which has been approved / approved by/ under the approval of / subject to the approval by / subjected for the approval of the government
c.use of formal words and expressions
Formal(Legal) words Ordinary words commit/perform carry out /do commence begin with regard to about anticipate expect terminate end surrender give certify prove notify tell complete finish abbreviate shorten category class
participate take part in comply with stick to evidence proof illustrate /demonstrate show witness see utilize use residence house
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be of the opinion think encounter meet cf. Mr. and Mrs. Fernando Smith request the pleasure of your company at dinner
on Saturday ,the fourth of July at half past seven o’clock Seabreez Edgartown. Massachusetts R.S.V.P BOX636 Edgartown, Massachusetts02539 凡纳得.史密斯夫妇敬备小酌,恭请光临 7月4日(星期六)下午七时半 麻省埃得加镇海风酒楼 供侯回音 636信箱
埃得加镇,麻省02539 Dear Mr. And Mrs. White , Will you have dinner with us at our house on Saturday,March the first ,at seven o’clock?
It has been a long time since we had the pleasure of seeing you ,and we do hope you will find it possible to be with us. Sincerely yours John Smith 亲爱的怀特先生及夫人:
请于3月1日(星期六)七点来我家共进晚餐。
我们已好久未见面了，非常希望你们能与我们相聚。 您们忠诚的
约翰 .史密斯
If we compare the above two examples,we can see the first is a formal invitation,with rigid form and the use of refined words and expressions such as “request,pleasure, your company,R.S.V.P.”,being standard and diginfied .While the second ,serving as a note, obviously belongs to informal language . This is including
a).the use of archaic words such as
hereafter=after this(自此，今后)、hereby=by this means(特此，兹)、herein=in this(此中，于此)、hereinafter=later in this Contract(在下文中)、hereof=of this(在本文中)，thereto=to that(另外，随附)、thereof=of that(其中，它的)、 whereas=since(鉴于)、whereby=according to which(凭借)、whereupon=hence(因此，于是)
e.g.“Products” means any and all agricultural products or any products derived therefrom.
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“产品”一词，是指一切农产品或由此衍生的任何产品。 b). prepositional phrases such as
with a view to (with the aim of), with respect to ( concerning) , in line with ( according to) ,with reference to (about ) , for the purpose of (for), in the event of(if),in case of(if)e.g.In case of any divergence of interpretation,the Chinese text shall prevail. 若对解释产生异议,以中文文本为准. IV).Tight in logic e.g. Dear Sirs,
Our Order No. 2468 Your S/C No. 9501
We wish to refer to our Order No. 2468 and your S/C No. 9501, in which you promised to ship the goods we ordered in the middle of June and send them to Shanghai Port by the end of June.
But we’d like to call your attention to the fact that up to now no news has come from you bout the shipment under the captioned Order and S/C. As we said, July is the season for this commodity in your market, and the time of delivery is a matter of great importance to us. The delay of your shipment made us lose US $200,000.
Under such circumstance, we have to lodge a claim of US $100,000 with you.
We feel sure that you will give our claim your most favorable consideration and let us have your settlement at an early date. yours faithfully
In the above example, the first paragraph mentions the commitment of the supplier. The second paragraph states that the other party didn’t implement the commitment. The third paragraph appeals that the violation of the contract has brought a great loss to the writer. The fourth paragraph puts forward the claim. The last paragraph expresses the writer’s wish that the writer wants to get compensation. Applying this “problem-solution pattern”, namely synthesizing facts in the first three paragraphs so as to lead a claim and an early settlement in the last two paragraphs, the writer weaves the letter with clear sequence and strong logic of cause and effect.
V).Use of plain,accurate language
Words in commercial correspondence should be common and easy to understand. The language should be clear and concise. Try to compare the following:
c.f.With refernce to your request for an extension on your note under date of February 7,we have considered the matter carefully and are pleased to tell you that we will be willing to allow you an additional 90 days to make payment on your note.
关于你的要求延期支付2月7日到期的贷款一事,我们很高兴地通知您:在对这件事情慎重考虑之后,我们同意多给您90天的宽限期来支付款项.
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We are pleased to allow you an additional 90 days to pay your note dated February 7.
我们很乐意多给您90天的时间来支付2月7日到期的贷款.
As Business English involves ironed-hard facts, data, clear duties or obligations or definite stipulations, it admits no vague language so as to avoid any misunderstanding to the parties concerned, as a result of which literal words instead of figurative words are widely used in Business English except for ads.. .
We are delighted to receive your letter of November 18 asking whether we can supply you with Art. No 6024.
很高兴收到你方案11月18 日来函,询问我方可否供应6024货号商品. if/should/in the event … 条款
terms (, provisions) and conditions 从四月一日起到十月二十日止这一其间交货.
The period for shipment begins on April 1 and ends October 20,(both dates inclusive).
But in some cases ,for example, in adds,figurative words or colorful words are sometimes needed.
From sharp minds,come Sharp products 夏普产品,源自智慧头脑 东南西北中,好酒在张弓
East or west, Zhanggong is the best
( note the use of eye-catching words here) Be elegant and with nice personality. 举止优雅,性情温和。
A stable personality and high sense of progress and responsibility. 性格稳定，富有进取心，责任心强。
Excellent presentation and communication skills. 具有良好的表述及沟通能力。
Have problem solving/ analytical skills. 具有分析及解决问题的能力。
Have a good command of business English ,and be experienced in computer operation.
精通商务英语，能熟练使用电脑。
Skilled at handling commercial correspondence. 能熟练处理商务信函
Have basic English and interpersonal skills. 具有基本英语能力及人际关系技巧。
Have experience in international sales and ability to produce results. 具有国际销售经验及创造佳绩之能力。
?an accurate ,dynamic and progressive person ?一位办事灵敏、积极肯干、并富有上进心的人 ?be open-minded, initiative and drive
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