?个性开朗，积极主动，充满干劲
?Computer operating skill is advantageous/a plus/preferred/preferable/ helpful/an (distinct) advantage. ?有电脑操作技术者尤佳
?The main qualities required are preparedness to hard work ,ability to learn,ambition and good health.
?主要必备素质是吃苦耐劳，善于学习，具有雄心壮志，并且身体健康。 ?good analytical mind to solve complex issues ?具有良好的解决复杂问题的能力。
a complete range of specifications; complete in specifications 赶超世界先进水平
catch up with and surpass advanced world level 花色繁多
a wide selection of colours and designs 风格新颖品种多样
fashionable styles, rich varieties 货源充足
sufficient supplies; ample supply 久负盛名
with a long standing reputation 交货及时
timely delivery guaranteed 价格公道
reasonable price 技艺精湛
fine craftsmanship 经济耐用
economy and durability 具有中国风味
possess Chinese flavours 居同类产品之首
rank first among similar products 品质优良
excellent in quality 品种齐全
complete range of articles 款式多样
various styles 欢迎选购，欢迎光临 Visitors are welcome. 欢迎惠订
Orders are welcome. 欢迎垂询
Enquiries are cordially welcome.
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和气生财
Friendliness is conductive to business success. 童叟无欺
Neither the old nor the young will be cheated. 防水、防震、防磁
Waterproof,shock-resistant and anti-magnetic ( note the use of eye-catching words here) But even on these occasions we should avoid the use of too much exaggerated and highly-sounded words. VI).Use of reduplications
Another language features in Business English ,particularly in legal English,lies in the wide use of two synonyms or near synonyms as relatively set word groups for emphasis or for making the language strict.For example:
If the contractor shall not duly perform and observe all the terms, provisions, conditions, and stipulations of the said contract, this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect.In this sentence, several groups of synonyms are used together to emphasize the strictness of a legal clause. “terms, provisions, conditions, stipulations” are all synonyms, meaning “contract clause and prescript” (合同的条款及规定). “null” and “void” are synonyms, meaning “ be of no effect” (无效). Besides, “be” and “remain”, Other examples:
make and sign(签订)，all and any(所有)，each and every(每一个)，approve and accept(同意接受)，by and between(与)，fulfill and perform(履行), save and except(除了)，final and conclusive(最终)，etc.
During the term of this Agreement ,Party A shall undertake ,renew and maintain for its benfit and interest ,and at its own cost and expense ,the following primary insurance policies.
在本协议期间，甲方应为自身利益自费购买、续买及保持下列主要保险。 Each Party undertakes with the other Party that it shall treat as strictly confidential all information received or obtained bt it or its employers, agents or advisers as a result of entering into or performing this Agreement and that it shall not at any time hereafter make use of or disclose or divulge to any person any such information.
各方向另一方承诺，其将对因签订或履行本协议而由其或其雇员、代理人或顾问得到或获得的所有信息严格保密，且在此后任何时候均不使用或向任何人披露或泄露任何该等信息。
VII).Employment of polite formula
Common English pays attention to intimacy and pleasure in social contact, so it needs little polite formula. But in order to achieve high efficiency of business contact in Business English, courtesy and caring should be required, and also excessive intimacy should be avoided.
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Therefore, “Business English forms a set of formulated language
acceptable in the international---- polite formula.”(Ellis, M. Johnson, Teaching Business English: 8) For example:
a. Polite formula for expressing acknowledgement:
We shall appreciate your… 我们将甚为感谢…Please accept my sincere appreciation for you .请接受我方对您的真挚谢意。
b.Polite formula for expressing regret:
With much regret 十分遗憾I owe you an apology 我应该向你道歉This also includes a sincere You-attitude in business correspondence , which means that a commercial text must be sincere, tactful, thoughtful and appreciative. Compare :
1. No.1 Your letter is not clear at all. I can’t understand it. 2. No.2 If I understand your letter clearly……
No.2 avoids irritating, offensive and belittling statement(the use of euphemism).
c.f. I’m not satisfied with it.
I don’t think I’m satisfied with it. We don’t think we’re satisfies with it. Other polite formula:
a.Use of simple past tense such as “could /would/you…?I wondered…”e.g.Could you reduce the price? 您可以把价格降一降吗？ b.Use of psssive voice
It was considered a mistake to put off shipment wantonly. 任意拖延装运时间是错误的。 c. Use of subjunctive mood
Were it not for your manager ,we shouldn’t have missed the first vessel. 要不是你们经理，我们不会错过第一条船的。
d. Use of “not always/ quite / really/ particularly …”The question was not always with you. 你不会总碰到这种问题的。
The products are not particularly good.On the whole,commercial English shares seven Cs’:completeness,clearness,conciseness,correctness,consideration,conc-reteness and courtesy.
Chapter Ⅲ. Criteria of Translation
Part I: A brief Introducyion to Translation Standards Both at Home and Abroad Early in the Tang Dynasty the learned monk xuan zhang designed criteria of translation with emphasis placed on accuracy and general Knowledge. In the Qing Dynasty, Yen Fu established the three-character standard in translation “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” . After the May
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4th Movement, Lu Xun proposed “faithfulness(信)” and “smoothness(顺)” as the criteria of translation. After liberation Fu lei put forward “seeking after being alike in spirits not in appearance”, and Qian zhongshu “transfiguration” as translation standard respectively . In the last decade of the 18th century,Alexander Fraser Tytler,professorof Edinburgh University , laid down three fundamentals by which a
translation should be made or judged.They were (1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work,(2) the style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original and ,(3) A translation should have all the ease of original composition. Eugene.A.Nida, a very famous translation theoretician in the modern world, suggests “equivalence”, that is, “equality of meaning” as a rule to go by in translation.
Part II Yan Fu and His Three-point Theory Ⅰ. A few words about Yan Fu
There has been a large number of translations of Western works,mostly thrillers and romances,running high in the book market of shanghai in 1880s,but the literat took little notice at first.Their interest was aroused only when one man of their own breed came on the scene, that is,Yen Fu.Yan Fu was born in 1654 and died in 1921.He came from an intellectual family in Fujian Province and received education from 1867-71.In 1871 he went to England to be trained as a naval was no solution to the problem facing China.In 1879 he returned home to take up political journalism,founding in 1897 a periodical called Guowen in Tienjin,which published serially his own translations.Ⅱ.His aim in translation To introduce a new ideology.So the books he translated were the great basic books of modern Western thought,which shaped the efficient capitalist society.He was the first person who tried to introduce classic works of capitalism into China in a systematic way.Ⅲ.The Books he translated <<天演论>>(1905)(Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays)99 pages together. <<原富>>(1901-1902)(An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations)
<<法意>>(1904-1909))L’esprit deslois)<<群学肄宫>>(1903)(The Study of Sociology)<<群己权界论>>(1907)(On Liberty)<<社会通诠>>(1904)(A History of Politics)
Ⅳ.Some Features of translations
e.g. It may be safely assumed that two thousand years ago,before Caesar set foot in Southern Britain,the whole countryside,visible from the windows of the room in which I write was in what is called “the state of Nature”.(From “Evolution...”by Huxley)
严复译：赫胥黎独处一室之中。在英伦之南，背山而面野。槛外诸景，历历如在几下。乃悬想两千年前，当罗马大将恺彻未到时，此间有何景物？计惟有
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天造草味，人工未施。 This rendering ,if translated back into English,would read as the following. Haxley sits alone in a room, at a place south of London,with hills at his back and fields before him.From the window he commands a clear view,seeing everything as though they were on his desk.His thoughts carry him back to 2000 thousand years ago, when the Roman general Caesar has not yet arrived.What remains here?There’s nothing but“the state of Nature.” Analysis of Yan Fu’ version: A: Assume the form of classical Chinese (c.f. vernacular Chinese) B: Appeal to free translation
If we compare the two,we’ll see that Yen Fu shakes the whole passage loose and rearrange it,following not the English sentence order but structuring it the Chinese way---note the use of short sentences and the absence of syntactic words,which is characteristic of the Chinese Language. But,on another hand, some parts in Yen Fu’s version, go for away from the original, which is not permitted.
C:He is not afraid of coining new terms when called for. e.g. the state of Nature 天造草味logic名学nerve 涅伏nature性 pure reason清新之理 His translation of Darwin’s Key phrase “natural selection”as “物竞天择”has come to stay. D: There is a certain tendency in Yen Fu’s rendering towards dramatization. In the original Huxley opens the chapter ponderbously and impersonally, with the help of impersonal “it” as subject, passive voice, the use of stative verbs instead of active ones and simple present tense. But the translation is more lively, like the opening of a historical account as the result of the use of active verbs and short sentences. The switch from the first person “I” in Huxley’s original to the third person “Huxley” in the translation is done to conform with the stylistic requirement of classical Chinese prose.(Ancient historiand in China invariably uses the third person in reference to themselves, particularly at the head of a passage. e.g.太史公曰，臣光曰，etc.Yen Fu’s dramatization is aimed at following the writing style of Sima Qian the historian and hightening the historical sense. So he seemed to seek after being alike in spirit not in appearance.
Modification: 完全可以设想,两千年前凯撒尚未抵达英国南部之时，从我从事写作的窗口望过去，整个乡间尚处于所谓的“原始状态”之中。……
Ⅴ: His translation theory (three-point theory)译事三难信达雅。求其信已大难矣。顾信矣子达，虽译尤不译也。则达尚焉。 Translation has to do three difficult thing, to be faithful,expressive and elegant.It is difficult enough to be faithful to the original, and yet, if a translation is not expresseve, it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should also be required.Here we have the most influential translation theory in modern china, which has been quoted and requited by nearly every writer or translatior. This theory, it seems to us , shares the following advantages.A.Becomprehensive,concise and to the
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