等。
第三,事实上,合同当事人也许会通过在合同中添加话语来寻求有关贸易术语的更确切解释,但《2000年通则》并未对此加以指导。例如, 对于“班轮条件”和“吊钩下”这种表述并没有权威的定义。
第四,《2000年通则》下只有CIF和CIP涉及保险。在这两种贸易术语下,由卖方根据买方利益安排保险,但买方应注意卖方只需要投保最小的险别。在其他贸易术语下,由双方自己决定是否需要保险,投保何种险别。通常,根据所选择的贸易术语,由负责承担货物运输过程中损失与损坏的风险的一方来按照自身利益投保。
如何选择贸易术语
在选择贸易术语时,买卖双方应考虑很多因素。 ⊙ 运输方式
《2000年通则》下的一些贸易术语,如FAS,FOB, CFR, CIF, DES 和DEQ只适用于海洋运输和内河沿运,而其他术语则适用于任何运输方式。当选择贸易术语时,使贸易术语与运输方式相适应至关重要。 ⊙ 支付方式
建立在买方付款意愿和能力上的支付方式也与贸易术语相关。例如,如果双方同意使用跟单信用证支付方式,则适合选择CIF贸易术语,不适合选择DES。因为DES意味着到达合同,而到达合同则指卖方负责将货物运到指定目的港,并将货物置于买方的控制下,买方此后才进行付款。因此,采用信用证支付方式毫无意义。 ⊙ 其他因素
选择贸易术语时,还应该考虑其他因素,如双方的意愿、可接受的价格、装运时间、两国海关手续及货物运输途中损失和损坏的可能风险等。
Keys for Part Ⅱ Reading
Ⅰ. Answer the following questions.
1. Trade terms, also called price terms or delivery terms, are an important part of a unit price in international trade, standing for specific responsibilities and obligations of both the buyer and the seller.
2. EXW, FCA, FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP, DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP.
3. Besides the responsibilities under CFR, the seller also has to take out insurance and bear the insurance cost under CIF. 4. Because they contain two “key” points, one indicating the point to which the seller is bound to arrange and bear the costs of carriage and another one for the allocation of risk. 5. The “D”-terms mean arrival contracts. 6. FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF, DES and DEQ.
7. (Open)
8. (Open) Factors such as modes of transport, terms of payment, the wills of the parties, the
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price acceptable, the time of shipment, the customs formalities in both countries, and possible risks of losses and damages to the goods during the transportation should be considered when selecting a trade term. Ⅱ. True or false questions.
1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. T Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks with the best choice.
1. a 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. d 9. b 10. b Ⅴ. Complete the following diagrams according to Incoterms 2000. Group Trade term Full name Chinese Place of delivery Mode of transport All modes All modes Water transport Water transport Water transport Water transport All modes Shipment arrangement Insurance arrangement E Terms EXW Ex Works Free Carrier Free Alongside Ship Free On Board Cost and Freight Cost, Insurance and Freight Carriage Paid To Carriage and Insurance Paid To Delivered at Frontier Delivered Ex Ship 工厂交货 货交承运人 装运港船边交货 装运港船上交货 成本加运费 成本保险费加运费 运费付至?? 运费、保险费付至?? 边境交货 目的港船上交货 Named place buyer buyer FCA F Terms (main freight unpaid) Named place Named port of shipment Named port of shipment Named port of shipment Named port of shipment buyer buyer FAS buyer buyer FOB buyer buyer CFR seller buyer C Terms (main freight paid) CIF seller seller CPT Named place seller buyer CIP Named place All modes seller seller DAF D Terms (arrival) DES Named place All modes Water transport seller seller Named port of destination seller seller 17
DEQ Delivered Ex Quay (Duty Paid) Delivered Duty Unpaid Delivered Duty Paid 目的港码头交货 未完税交货 完税后交货 Named port of destination Water transport seller seller DDU Named place of destination Named place of destination All modes All modes seller seller DDP seller seller Ⅵ. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions listed below.
purposes, transactions, defined, shipment, delivered, insurance, invoice, submit Ⅶ. Translate the following sentences.
1. 贸易术语,又称价格术语或交货术语,是国际贸易中单价条款的重要组成部分,它代表买卖双方各自特定的责任和义务。
2. 它是一套统一规则或对国际商业术语的解释,定义了国际贸易中买卖双方承担的费用、风险和责任。
3. FOB是指货物越过指定装运港买方指派的船只的船舷时,卖方就完成了交货义务。 4. 因此,C术语不同于其他术语,因为它们包含两个“关键”点,一个是卖方负责安排运输并承担运费的分界点,另一个则是风险转移的分界点。
5. 因此,D术语意味着到达合同,而C术语意味着离开(装运)合同。
6. 例如,如果双方同意使用跟单信用证这种支付方式,则适合选择CIF贸易术语,不适合选择DES。
7. The seller must provide at his expense basic packing.
8. The buyer bears all cost and risk of the cargo from the time it has passed the ship’s rail. 9. Under CIF, in addition to CFR obligations, the seller is responsible for arranging marine cargo insurance. 10. CPT is almost the same as CFR except that CFR is only applied to sea and inland waterway transport while CPT may be used for any mode of transport. Ⅷ. Read the following passage and answer the questions followed.
1. FOB Under Tackle, FOB Liner Terms, FOB Stowed, FOB Trimmed and FOB Free In. 2. (Open)
3. CIF Liner Terms, CIF Landed, CIF FO and CIF Ex-ship’s hold
Chinese Version of Part III Sample Conversations
对话1
甲:我一接触贸易术语,就常感到茫然,例如FOB大连、CFR汉堡和CIF西雅图。贸
易术语用途是什么呢?
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乙:在国际贸易中我们通常使用一些术语阐述合同的性质, 如FOB合同、CFR合同或
CIF合同,来确定费用、风险及相应的权利和义务。
甲:因此,合同其他条款应与贸易术语一致,是吗?
乙:是的。 FOB,CFR和CIF在国际贸易中应用最广泛。 让我们从FOB说起,这样
其他两个术语就好理解了。FOB是指装运港船上交货。在FOB大连中,大连是指
定装运港。 FOB指的是货物越过指定装运港的船舷后,卖方就完成了交货义务。切记,卖方必须及时通知买方货物已经装船。 甲:那么由谁来负责运输和保险呢?
乙:在FOB下,买方负责租船或订舱。为货物投保也是买方的责任。 对话2
甲:CFR汉堡该怎样理解呢?
乙:CFR指成本加运费。在CFR指定目的港下,卖方负责支付将货物运到目的港的成
本及运费。你必须清楚,货物装船后损失和损坏的风险及其他额外费用,从货物在装运港越过船舷时起,就从卖方转移到了买方。和FOB条款一样,从那时起,买方就得承担货物损失或损坏的一切费用和风险。
甲:就我理解,卖方必须租船或订舱,并提前通知买方,使买方能够为货物投海上保险,
并准备在目的港接货。 乙:完全正确。
甲:卖方怎样才能证明装上船的正是合同所订的货物呢?
乙:卖方向买方提供有关的装运单据,如提单。这些单据必须说明合同货物,制单日期
必须在双方同意的装运期内。 对话3
甲:现在,我相信你已理解CIF的含义。
乙:让我试一试。CIF是成本、保险费加运费(指定目的港)。卖方的义务与CFR术语
下一样,只不过增加了一项,那就是卖方必须为货物进行海洋运输货物保险,并支付保险费。
甲:对。像FOB和CFR这两个术语一样,货物越过船舷后,一切风险就都转移到买方。 乙:那么用集装箱发货,货物越过船舷前,就交给了承运人怎么办? 甲:你这话问到了点子上。在这种情况下,采用CIP术语更为合适。 乙:CIP?
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甲:是的。运费和保险费付至指定目的地。就是说,由卖方支付将货物运到指定目的地
的运费,不一定是海运,并由卖方办理保险,支付保险费。这个术语适用于任何运输方式,铁路、公路、海运、空运、内河沿运或多式联运。简言之,CIF适合于海运,CIP用于集装箱运输。
乙:到目前为止,我已经明白了这些贸易术语,非常感谢。 甲:不客气。
Keys for Part Ⅲ Sample Conversations
Ⅲ. Complete the following dialogue by interpreting the given Chinese into English. A: This is our quality product. A: It’s different in design and material. B: Do you supply spare parts?
A: We always keep our customers’ interest at heart.
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