英语翻译讲稿(2)

2019-03-28 20:54

2.词义辨析

词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。一般来讲,词典给出的词义解释五花八门,无从定夺。在这样的情况下,我们可以从四个方面来处理英语词语的具体含义 1) 根据构词法辨别词义

我们可以根据词的前后缀,词根、词干来辨析词义;如:

miniultrasonicprober = mini (微型的)+ ultra(超) +sonic (声音的)+prober(探测器);即:微型超声波金属探伤仪

macrospacetransship = macro(巨型的)+ space (太空)+ trans (转运)+ ship (船); 即: 巨型空间转运飞船

pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis = pneumono (肺的)

+ultra (超) + micro (微) + scopic- (观察仪器的) + silico (硅的)+ volcano(火山的)+ coni- (尘埃) + osis (病症);即:硅酸盐沉着病,矽肺病(一种矿工易染的病)

2) 根据指代关系辨别词义

我们可以根据人称代词、物主代词、指示代词等来辨析词义;如:

(1) He [father] sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.

他送约翰上大学,巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。 (2) Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要,因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。(或: 因为后者不能像前者那样给人以幸福。)

3) 根据上下文的语境或词的搭配辨别词义 语境分析是翻译的重要手段,没有一定的上下文,翻译就无从着手。如下面一例: Tension is building up.

根据不同上下文的具体情况,我们可分别将其译作: (1) 形势紧张起来。 (2) 张力在增大。 (3) 电压在增加。 (4) 压力在增强。 (5) 血压在增高。 (6) ??......

再如story一词的翻译:

(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. (2) It is quite another story now.

(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (4) He‘ll be very happy if that story holds up. (5) The girl’s story is one of the saddest.

(6) A young man came to Scotti‘s office with a story. (7) ?, but officials refused to confirm the story.

(8) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.

在不同的上下文中, 以上8个story在各句中分别具有8种不同的含义: (1) 事件; (2)情况; (3) 内部信息; (4)说法; (5) 遭遇; (6) 案子; (7) 消息; (8) 报

道。因此以上各句可分别译作:

(1) 这场战争行将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。 (2) 现在的情况完全不同了。

(3) 有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。 (4) 如果这一说法当真,那他就太高兴了。 (5) 那个姑娘的遭遇算最惨的了。

(6) 一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。 (7) 但官员们拒绝证实这条消息。

(8) 报道中对他的渲染减少了,不久就从美国电视上销声匿迹了。

4) 根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义

(1) The lathe should be set on a firm base. 车床应安装在坚实的底座上。 (机械)

(2) As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt. 众所周知,碱与酸反应生成盐。 (化学)

(3) A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector.

晶体管有三个电极,即发射极,基极和集电极。(电子) (4) Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC. AB线是三角形ABC的底边。(数学)

(5) The weary troops marched back to the base. 疲惫不堪的士兵列队返回基地。(军事) (6) He is on the second base. 他在二垒。(体育)

练习

一、根据词语搭配辨析词义。以常见的形容词good为例: 1. good saying名2. 言 3. good boy乖孩子 4. good child孝子

5. good contract有效的合同6. 7. good debt有把握收回的债 8. good eggs新鲜的鸡蛋 9. good eyesight正常的视力 10. good father慈父

11. good features漂亮的相貌 12. good friend挚友 13. good friend益友 14. good idea妙计

15. good investment可靠的投资 16. good joke有趣的笑话 17. good looks美貌 18. good luck鸿运

19. good manners得体的举止

20. good match佳偶、劲敌 21. good mother良母 22. good neighbor睦邻 23. good reason充足的理由 24. good soil肥沃的土地 25. good teacher良师 26. good wife贤妻

二、根据上下文翻译develop一词:

1 His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (发生故障)

2 Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (产生升力)

3 Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. (发明避雷针)

4 A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.(得出论断)

5 Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success. (提出理论)

6 To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. (提高能力)

7 Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. (培育新品种)

8 As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. (患上结核病)

9 We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich.(开发资源)

10 Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.(开采矿床)

---------------------------------------------- 第三讲 直译意译 抓住要点

III. 直译意译 抓住要点 考题实例:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. (1999) 人们关注历史研究的方法,主要是因为史学界内部意见不统一,其次是因为外界怀疑历史是不是一门学科。

直译:历史方法的兴趣 产生较少 通过外部 历史作为知识学科的合法性

I. 直译与意译

什么是直译?所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中尽量保持原文的形式—特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。例如,汉语中的“武装到牙齿”、“鳄鱼的眼泪”、“连锁反应”、“双赢”等便是从英语的be armed to teeth, crocodile‘s tears, chain reaction以及win-win等词组短语直接翻译过来的,对应了原文的字面意义,保留了原文的生动形象。再如关于“死”的说法,英汉均有非常丰富的委婉表达方法。对于不同的对象,“死”的用法也各有讲究,直译较能生动地表现出原文的风格面貌、形象特点:breathe one’s last (断气),see God(见上帝),see one’s ancestors(见祖先),see Marx (见马克思),go west(上西天),go to heaven(进天国),kick the bucket(蹬腿儿了)?? 所谓意译,是指译文与原文因表达方式上的差异,不便或无法将原文的思想内容或形象直接表现出来,需要译者根据原文的意思用自己的话恰如其分地将其译出。这就需要译者付出创造性的劳动,从整体上把握句子或篇章的内容。例如: 1. It rains cats and dogs.大雨如注

2 Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.不必担心过早。(不必自寻烦恼。)

3. Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。

4. Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗?

以上各例,均不宜按原文字面意义直接译出,否则,会令人感到莫名其妙,不知所云。

直译与意译是相对的,而不是绝对的。无论直译还是意译,都只能限定在一定的条件和范围内,根据一定的上下文、具体的文体需要而加以处理,如:Kill two birds with one stone.按直译法,此句可译作“一石二鸟”;按意译法,此句可译作汉语的成语“一箭双雕”,“一举两得”。不少英语句子根据不同的上下文,既可用直译来翻译,又可用意译来处理。如: 5.Every life has its roses and thorns. 直译:每个人的一生都既有玫瑰,又有荆棘。 意译:人生总是有苦有乐,甘苦参半。

6. Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft. 直译:把贵重物品放在现眼处,等于是给小偷发请帖。 意译:应妥善保管贵重物品,以防被盗。

7. A gift is the key to open the door closed against you. 直译:礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。

意译:大门把你关在外,礼物送到门自开。(礼是敲门砖。) 8. What the tongue says, the neck pays for. 直译:舌头说话,脖子还账。 意译:舌头闯祸,脖子遭殃。

II. 运用直译与意译的要点

无论是直译还是意译,均需以理解原文为前提。

直译应当便于理解,切忌望文生义,并非全都按字面译出,譬如,go to bed不能按字面理解为“去上床”,而是“去睡觉”之意;成语show sb. the door ,不是“把门指给某人看”而是“把某人撵出门”;talk shop不是“谈商店”而

是“说行话”;talk horse不是“谈马”而是“吹牛”;bull‘s eye靶心; tiger cat虎纹猫(豹斑猫)

意译应当注重事实依据,不能无中生有、信口开河,否则就会变成胡译、乱译。在一般的情况下,应当尽量考虑用直译的方法。在直译无法或不变与表达的情况下,可以考虑用意译来解决问题。下面是运用意译的一道英译汉试题。

考题实例:What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform? 此题是一个there is sth. for sb. to do的简单句结构,句中唯一一个生词identity已作了注释,应当说是比较容易翻译的。可是,不少考生面对这样一个稍稍改头换面的疑问句却感到束手无策。从句式结构上看,绝大多数考生译不出原文的疑问口气;词语上更是花样百出:有人把barber译作“酒吧侍者”,有人把way译作“路”,有人把lose professional identity译作“失去教授身份”,更多的人不能根据上下文正确理解step out of uniform的含义,有译作“走出统一服装”的,有译作“跨出军装”的,有译作“摆脱行业单位”的,等等。

其实,lose professional identity和step out of uniform在此处的含义并不难理解,前者直译为“丧失职业身份”,意译也就是“让人看不出职业身份”;后者直译为“从制服中跨出来”意译也就是“脱下(不穿)制服”。在把握了全句意思的基础上,我们完全可以打破原文结构,用自己的话意译出此句的准确意思。

参考译文:对于护士、警察、理发师或是服务员来说,还有什么比脱下制服更容易的方法使人们看不出他们的职业身份呢?

或:作为护士、警察、理发师或是服务员,还有什么方法比脱下制服更容易掩盖他们的职业身份呢?

考题实例:There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001) 届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶。 (定语从句when一旦)

When的不同译法:在以下各例中,when都不宜译作“当”、“当??时候”。 1. We’ll go to the countryside at the beginning of June, when the summer harvest will start.

2. I stayed till noon, when I went home.

3. When the teacher had left the classroom, the pupils started talking. 4. When that man says “To tell the truth”, I suspect that he‘s about to tell a lie.

5. Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine. 6. Insurance companies are obliged to recover the cost of everything insured when it is lost or damaged during the valid period of insurance. 7. When there is really planned and proportionate development ,our national economy will achieve sustained, stable and high-speed growth. 8. When you cross the river you are safe.

9. How can I convince him when he won’t listen? 10. He usually walks when he might ride.


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