2． 英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式
其交替转换的情况和前者类似，有时需要反说正译，主要也是从便于表达考虑。 1) Don‘t lose time in posting this letter. 赶快把这封信寄出去。（不要丧失→赶快）
2) Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter． 有些人爱吃什么就吃什么，照样瘦。（不长胖→照样瘦）
3) He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. (noun) 他对他父亲的行业表示强烈的厌恶情绪。（不喜欢→厌恶） 4) Such flight couldn‘t long escape notice. 这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。（不能长期→赶快）
5) The post office is at the next corner，you can’t miss it． 邮局就在下个路口，你会找到的。（不会错过→会找到） 3．同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式
这类情况需根据上下文，视情况的需要，取其相应的含义。 1) I’m new to the work.
这工作我是生手。（这工作我不熟悉。） 2) He is free with his money.
他花钱大手大脚。（他花钱从不吝啬。） 3) He realized that he was in trouble.
他意识到遇到麻烦了。（他感到自己的处境不妙。） 4) The station is no distance at all. 车站近在咫尺。（车站一点儿也不远。） 5) It‘s no less than a fraud.
这简直是一场骗局。（这无异于一场骗局。）
6) The works of art were left intact, the money gone.
艺术品还在，钱却不翼而飞。（艺术品原封未动，钱却不翼而飞。） 7) The criminal is still at large. (phrase) 罪犯还未捉拿归案。（罪犯还逍遥法外）
4．英语中的双重否定结构
双重否定一般来说可译作肯定，其道理如两个负数相加为正数一样。不过，它是一种特殊的强调句式。以have to（不得不）为例，两个“不”字去掉之后意思不变，但语气强度就差多了。下面是一些较为典型的双重否定译例。 1) There is no rule that has no exception. 所有的规则都有例外。（没有不例外的规则。）
2) There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。
3) It never rains but it pours. 不雨则已，雨必倾盆。
4) It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes. 人不会不犯错误。（人总会犯错误。） 5．否定的转移 英语动词think，believe，suppose，not?because等否定结构，在译成汉语时，须将否定的部位由句子的前面转移到后面，这就叫做“否定的转移”。如：
1) I don’t think we need waste much time on this. 我想我们不必在这个问题上浪费许多时间。
2) She didn‘t believe that such things mattered much. 她认为这种事情无关紧要。
3) The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished. 引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。
4) Don‘t scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。
6翻译中的否定的陷阱
英语否定结构中有一些句式结构往往容易出错，须倍加小心。 all?not（并非??都）
1) All that glitters is not gold. 发光的不一定都是金子。
2) All cities did not look like as they do today. 在过去，城市并不都像今天这样个个千篇一律。 both?not（并非两者??都）
1) But you see, we both cannot go. 但是我告诉你，我们俩不能同时都走。
2) Both the instruments are not precision ones. 这两件东西不都是精密仪器。
cannot?too（怎么??也不足以）
1) The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated. 这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。
2) I shall never be able to stress too much for your kindness. 不管我怎么感谢你，都不足以报恩于万一。
3) You cannot be too careful in proofreading. 校对时，越仔细越好。
for all?（尽管??；不；说不定）
1) He seemed as fresh as ever, for all that I never saw him drink or eat. 尽管我从未见到他喝点什么或吃点什么，他似乎仍然精神饱满。 2) You may leave at once for all I care. 你尽可立即离开，我才不管呢。
3) For all we knew, the files we were supposed to photograph were already on their way.
说不定那些该由我们去拍摄的文件已在途中。
It be + adj. + noun + that?（再??也会??） 1) It is a good workman that never blunders.
智者千虑，必有一失。（再聪明的工匠也难免出错。） 2) It is a long lane that has no end. 路必有弯。（再长的胡同也有尽头。）
3) It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.
坏事未必对人人都有害处。（再坏的事也不是对人人都有害处。）
---------------------------------------------- 第十讲 定语从句 和分替换
X. 定语从句 合分替换 考题实例：They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. （2002）
自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。 （定语从句 词组短语 被动语态 代词）
考题实例：But that Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”（2001）
74．但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。” （代词that定语从句 短语）
考题实例：It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. （1999）
这种谬误在历史传统派和历史社科派中都存在。前者认为，历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各史料来源的评论；而后者则认为，历史的研究就是具体方法的研究。
考题实例：But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. （1998） 但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。 （定语从句what从句）
英语定语从句是各类从句中比最为常见的一种。英语的定语从句向所修饰词的后面扩展；而汉语作为修饰成分的定语习惯上却放在被修饰词的前面。英汉定语的位置上的差异常常会给翻译造成困难，因此定语从句往往也是翻译考试中的一个重点。下面是英译汉曾经出过的涉及定语从句的几道题： 1. Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. 参考译文：即使是高明的作家，也可能无法描写出把一个面孔与另一个面孔区别开来的全部特征。 (用“??的”结构译出) 2. For the population as a whole we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly
pollute our world.
参考译文：从人口的总体角度考虑，我们必须更多地关注摄入少量的、并在无形中污染世界的杀虫剂所造成的延缓。(用“??的”结构译出)
3. Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team.
参考译文：1998年世界杯被捧走以后很久，失望的球迷们还在咒骂那些有争议的裁定，这些裁定剥夺了他们所支持的球队获胜的机会。(另起一句翻译) 从以上三道考题可以看出，定语从句出现在不同的位置，我们所翻译处理的方法手段也不尽相同。
II. 翻译定语从句的常用方法技巧 1.合并法译例
即在句式较短的情况下，将定语从句用“??的”结构译出。如： 1) Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。
2) In the room where the electronic computer is kept, there must be no dust at all.
在存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有一点灰尘。
2.分译法译例
分译法即化整为零，分别翻译；对于长而复杂的定语从句，我们可以采取此法；如：
1) They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
2) Between these two tiny particles, the proton and the electron, there is a powerful attraction that is always present between negative and positive electric charges.
在质子和电子这两个微粒之间有一个很大的吸引力，而这个吸引力总是存在于正、负电荷之间。 3.替换法译例
混合法即是为了便于译文的表达，采用打破原文的定语结构的方法，用自己的话译出原文的意思；如：
1) There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month. 在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月。
2) Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes.
好的钟摆可以自动补偿温度变化造成的误差。 4. 兼有状语功能的定语从句的译例
1) We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. 我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能
看得很清楚。（表示原因）
2) The diode is coated with a thin layer of hard glass which eliminates the need for a hermetically sealed package.
二极管的表面有一层薄薄的硬玻璃，故无需使用密封的管壳。（表示结果） 3) Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man. 尽管电子计算机有许多优点，但是它们不能进行创造性工作，也不能代替人。（表示让步） 4) For any machine whose input and output forces are known, its mechanical advantage can be calculated.
对于任何机器来说，如果知其输入力和输出力，就能求出其机械效益。（表示条件）
5) I‘ll try to get an illustrated dictionary dealing with technical glossary, which will enable me to translate scientific literature more exactly.
我要设法弄一本有插图的技术名词词典，以便把科学文献译得更准确。（表示目的）
---------------------------------------------- 第十一讲 其他从句 灵活处理
XI. 其他从句 灵活处理
考题实例：Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. （2000） 再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员。 （主语从句，短语词组） 1.主语从句的翻译
1) 由代词what, whatever, whoever等引起的主语从句 1) What he told me was only half-truth. 他告诉我的只是半真半假的东西而已。
2) Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression. 他此行所见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象。
3) Whoever comes to our public reference library will be welcome. 什么人到我们公共参考图书馆来都欢迎。 2) “It” 作为形式主语 1) It doesn‘t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. 他参不参加会议都没多大关系。
2) It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后，竟然还能活着，这看来是不可想象的事。